1. Foreman 1.9 Manual

Foreman Architecture

A Foreman installation will always contain a central foreman instance that is responsible for providing the Web based GUI, node configurations, initial host configuration files, etc. However, if the foreman installation supports unattended installations then other operations need to be performed to fully automate this process. The smart proxy manages remote services and is generally installed with all Foreman installations to manage TFTP, DHCP, DNS, Puppet, Puppet CA, Salt, and Chef.

Smart-Proxy

A Smart-Proxy is located on or near a machine that performs a specific function and helps foreman orchestrate the process of commissioning a new host. Placing the proxy on or near to the actual service will also help reduce latencies in large distributed organizations.

Release notes for 1.9

Headline features

Web UI enhancements

Foreman 1.9 adds a few small quality-of-life enhancements to the user interface. Click any of the video links for a short, 30-second demo.

New dropdown menus are now used throughout the application, which allow you to quickly filter and search for available entries on every field.

• YouTube video: dropdown menus

Parameters with large amounts of text, such as JSON or YAML, have been hard to edit before now as the text boxes are usually quite small. A new button has been added next to them to instantly open a full-screen editor, just like template editing.

• YouTube video: full-screen parameter editing

Large fact values were truncated before, so SSH public keys and other long pieces of data couldn’t be copied out of Foreman. A new link next to each fact now shows the full value.

• YouTube video: copying fact values

Template editing has a new preview button, showing a rendered view of the unsaved template to help edit templates quickly and efficiencly.

• YouTube video: template previews

Partition tables are also now a type of provisioning template, enabling the same editing, auditing and revision control that templates have available.

Enhanced logging

Logging in the Foreman application has been overhauled, with more granular logs and new configuration directives to control which type of messages are logged.

Using /etc/foreman/settings.yaml, the log level can now easily be changed (e.g. to debug) or specific types of logs enabled. See Configuration Options and Debugging for more information.

Image provisioning with Libvirt

When provisioning from images with Libvirt (KVM), Foreman only supported SSH-based provisioning by running a finish against the running VM with predetermined credentials. With Foreman 1.9, support for cloud-init has been added, using a cloud-init disk.

To enable, set up a user_data template associated to the operating system and enable “user data” on the image under the compute resource. The template will be added to a temporary disk attached to the VM for cloud-init to consume on boot.

New email notifications

Administrators can now subscribe to a summary email of audit events, which track any changes by users to stored records (e.g. hosts) in Foreman.

Users building hosts can now subscribe to a notification when a host build completes, which is sent to the host’s owner(s).

See Email Management for more information on changing notification settings.

Release notes for 1.9.3

API

• Fix lookup of Puppet environments by name (#12004)
• Fix association of OS to provisioning templates with unwrapped parameters (#12089)

Installer and packaging

• Fix missing lsb-release dependency on installer Debian package (#12134)
• Pin fog-google for Ruby 1.9 compatibility (#12015)
• Pin net-ssh for Ruby 1.9 compatibility (#11980)
• Pin rack-cache for Ruby 1.9 compatibility (#12074)

Puppet and Puppet integration

• Fix YAML/JSON parameter overrides being reformatted on host edit (#11375)
• Fix Puppet class import error with wrong environment name used (#11999)
• Fix missing Puppet class handling when environment is not found (#12151)

Web Interface

• Fix multiselects compatibilty with select2 dropdown menus (#12028)
• Fix ability to save bookmarks for provisioning templates (#11953)

Various fixes and features

• Fix error when using param_true/false template methods (#11945)
• Fix SELinux policy loading under EL7.2 (#11934)

A full list of changes in 1.9.3 is available via Redmine

Release notes for 1.9.2

Authentication and Authorization

• Fix case insensitivity of LDAP usernames during user group sync (#11407)

Compute resources and Hosts creation

• Fix console connection error when SELinux is enforcing (#11608)
• Fix re-encoding of Base64 root passwords on host save (#11715)

Puppet and Puppet integration

• Fix updating of smart class parameter overrides from host form (#11807)
• Fix VLAN interface on bond being parsed as a bond interface (#10805)
• Fix error when importing environment named ‘new’ (#11037)

Web Interface

• Fix N+1 query when changing host group in bulk (#10589)

Various fixes and features

• Fix association of partition tables to default org/location (#11263)
• Fix error using foreman_url in default PXE template (#11723)

A full list of changes in 1.9.2 is available via Redmine

Release notes for 1.9.1

API

• Permit access to status API to all users (#6854)
• Fix update of BMC interface without specifying provider (#11258)
• Fix update of settings with unquoted integer values (#11673)

Authentication and Authorization

• Fix inefficient group searching on Active Directory (#10340)
• Fix case insensitivity of LDAP group names during user group sync (#11428)

foreman-debug

• Collect Apache config files in foreman.d directories (#11149)

Compute resources and Hosts creation

• Fix ability to remove interfaces with duplicate identifiers (#11031)
• Fix non-responsive domain dropdown menu after selecting Puppet environment (#11473)
• Fix ambiguous column error for non-admin users under orgs/locations (#11220)
• Fix display of parameters inherited from parent orgs/locations (#11650)

Installer and packaging

• Fix missing i386 ruby-rkerberos package on Debian/Ubuntu (#11438)
• Fix compatibility with mysql2 and Rails gem versions (#11719)

Proxy and Services

• Fix Puppet customrun provider errors on newer Ruby versions (#10940)

Puppet and Puppet integration

• Fix validation error on empty smart matcher when “Use Puppet default” is enabled (#11663)

Security

• Restrict users with view/destroy_reports permissions to view/delete reports only from hosts that are visible to them (CVE-2015-5233, #11579)

Web Interface

• Add ability to add widgets to the dashboard (#10929)
• Fix dashboard template error when a plugin is removed (#10850)
• Fix premature saving of class overrides when editing host or host group classes (#11095)
• Fix error accessing global parameters page with parameter containing “.” (#11231)
• Fix missing translation extraction for email enabled checkbox (#11727)
• Fix host reports dropdown menu to include reports from the last day (#4468)
• Fix closing of org/location dropdown menu (#9293)
• Fix alignment of Select Action dropdown menu (#11111)
• Fix layout of subnet and domain association (#11014)
• Fix N+1 SQL query on user group list (#11621)

Various fixes and features

• Add hostgroup_title/os_title searches to audit search keywords (#11379)
• Fix overriding of global parameters from a parent host group (#9108)
• Fix database deadlock from host counter updates (#10133)
• Fix unique parameters database migration to rename duplicate data (#11339)
• Fix ability for plugins to extend the API view search paths (#11312)
• Fix passing of JSON settings through foreman-rake command (#11170)
• Fix ability to seed locked templates from plugins (#11619)

A full list of changes in 1.9.1 is available via Redmine

Release notes for 1.9.0

API

• Add vm_compute_attributes API call to retrieve compute attributes for a host (#10720)
• Add template_combinations API calls beneath host groups and environments (#9031)
• Add FOREMAN_APIPIE_LANGS languages override for development environments (#10815)
• Change unversioned API access from version 1 to version 2 (#10167)
• Change build_pxe_default API call method to POST from GET (#6976)
• Accept lowercase BMC provider names in host interfaces API (#10382)
• Fix validation and requirement for override_values to have a match and value (#9812)
• Fix build_pxe_default API call to return JSON response (#10715)
• Fix fact_values API call with a non-admin user (#9793)
• Fix compute resource brand names in compute resource documentation (#9632)
• Fix missing parameters in LDAP auth source documentation (#11033)

Authentication and Authorization

• Add debug logging to authorized resource lookups under permissions logger (#10736)
• Collect Foreman access log from Apache in foreman-debug (#10945)
• Fix authorization check for viewing compute resource VMs (#10683)
• Fix org/location edit forms to only show authorized resources (#7337)
• Fix permission for “All users” checkbox to be displayed on org/location edit (#7335)
• Fix permission names to be globally unique (#10492)

CLI

Hammer CLI was updated to 0.3.0.

hammer-cli

• Add normalizer converting id parameter values to numbers (#11137)
• Set Enum normalizer on enumerated values (#11033)
• Add missing options to preparser (#10902)
• Added support for deprecated options (#10564)

hammer-cli-foreman

• Add normalizer converting id parameter values to numbers (#11137)
• Docs - updated information about host creation
• Added some rough docs showing HammerCLIForeman::Command
• Adding a command for building PXE default (#3968)
• Turn off pagination by default (#10534)
• Can’t set array parameters on hosts (#10547)

foreman-debug

• Add foreman-debug configuration file (#10701)
• Change foreman-debug to be non-interactive (#10284)
• Fix foreman-debug options -u and -a to be exclusive (#10699)

Compute resources and Hosts creation

• Add support for image provisioning on Libvirt with userdata and cloud-init disk (#10072)
• Add Cisco NX-OS POAP provisioning support (#10526)
• Change Windows installation media handling to use wimboot (#9299)
• Update fog to 1.32.0 (#10470)
• Change websockify proxy port to be randomized within 5910-5930 (#10703)
• Check presence of and restore DHCP records on host build (#1536)
• Validate presence of BMC smart proxy when adding managed BMC interface (#10727)
• Change root password and partition table to optional on hosts not in build mode (#9993)
• Fix creation of hosts with volumes on Google Compute Engine (#4551)
• Fix vSphere resource pool retrieval when cluster name and path differ (#10151)
• Fix handling of translated vSphere labels during VM cloning (#5630)
• Fix disabled boot from volume checkbox on OpenStack VMs (#10867)
• Fix configuration of alias interfaces during provisioning (#10666)
• Fix matching of virtual interfaces on compute resources, only match physicals (#10664)

Installer and packaging

• Improve error message generated by smart proxy registration failure (#10466)
• Update to scoped_search 3.x (#8502)
• Fix configuration of Brightbox PPA for Passenger packages on Ubuntu 12.04 (#11069)

Installer modules have been updated, see their respective changelogs for more detailed notes:

• puppet-dhcp, version 2.0.0 (CHANGELOG)
• puppet-dns, version 3.0.0 (CHANGELOG)
• puppet-git, version 1.4.1 (CHANGELOG)
• puppet-foreman, version 4.0.1 (CHANGELOG)
• puppet-foreman_proxy, version 2.3.0 (CHANGELOG)
• puppet-puppet, version 4.0.1 (CHANGELOG)
• puppet-tftp, version 1.5.1 (CHANGELOG)

Proxy and Services

• Add debug logging to all IPMI calls (#9709)
• Add API call to test BMC connection to IPMI (#9710)
• Extend BMC API to show available providers etc. (#9711)
• Add new startup script for the service under Windows (#9713)
• Add mechanism to support config file migrations (#10003)
• Add TFTP and DHCP options support for provisioning Cisco POAP (#10527)
• Add dhcp_omapi_port setting to change ISC dhcpd OMAPI port (#10264)
• Add smart proxy project README (#9121)
• Move smart_proxy_chef request classes to the plugin itself (#10895)
• Fix missing Windows gem dependencies in bundler (#10320)
• Fix Puppet module cache to compare timestamps to prevent immediate invalidation (#10941)
• Fix BMC API to respond with 501 when provider API is not implemented (#9840)
• Fix parsing of request body in BMC API to pass additional options (#10116)
• Fix error handler to print stacktrace at debug level (#10639)
• Fix logging of template proxy operations (#10769)
• Pin Puppet to 3.x due to incompatibility with 4.x (#10877)
• Fix spelling of “nonexistent” in messages (#10801)
• Fix DNS lookup hang during trusted host tests (#9919)

Puppet and Puppet integration

• Add outofsync_interval setting to control expected out of sync duration of reports (#10337)
• Change Puppet environment field on hosts to be optional (#9301)
• Prevent validation of default values when a class parameter uses the Puppet default (#9187)
• Fix association of OS and architecture during facts import (#10633)
• Fix duplicate interfaces created during import with bond interfaces (#10607)
• Fix assignment of bond interfaces with blank identifiers on import (#10888)

Security

• Disallow users with edit_users permission to change admin user passwords (CVE-2015-3235, #10829)
• Redirect HTTP requests to API to HTTPS when require_ssl is set (CVE-2015-5152, #11119)
• Add audits email summary for a regular report of audit events (#1213)
• Add host build completion email notification (#1510)
• Encrypt LDAP auth source passwords when stored at rest in database (#10263)
• Change default root password hash from MD5 to SHA256 (#10289)
• Fix SELinux module building on EL7.1 with apache_content_template macro (#9791)
• Refactor require_ssl code to use Rails force_ssl feature (#10471)

Web Interface

• Add new select box styling to enable searching on every dropdown menu (#10641)
• Change dashboard to store widgets in the DB and support minimizing (#8106)
• Add full screen edit button to parameter override text boxes (#3856)
• Add button to show full fact values for easy copying (#9194)
• Add axis labels and reposition legends on charts (#9454)
• Add preview tab to template editing form for live rendering of edits (#11035)
• Add caps lock warning to password fields (#8898)
• Rearrange overrides section in smart class parameters and host parameters pages (#8214, #8217)
• Rearrange hosts and provisioning menus to follow usual configuration order (#9334)
• Reorganize setting categories to be more logical (#8566)
• Fix host delete confirmation box to include hostname and VM deletion warning (#9879)
• Fix error during second run of orchestration from Discovery (#9424)
• Fix display of long org/location names in current context (#8861)
• Fix display of messages on smart proxy errors on Certificates pages (#9674)
• Fix highlight of error message when Puppet classes are not available in environment (#10738)
• Fix ambiguity in token_duration setting help text (#10194)
• Rename “mail” to “email” across the user interface for consistency (#8525)
• Fix sending of template parameters in form submissions (#10849)
• Fix activation of second autocomplete field on pages (#10817)
• Fix failed login notification from remaining on login screen (#10729)
• Fix natural ordering of log messages in reports (#10216)
• Fix quickstart URL in README (#10518)
• Fix parameter name “spaces” error message to be consistent (#9439)
• Fix typo in build PXE default confirmation box (#9806)
• Fix 404 error when selecting Puppet environment on host group form (#9444)
• Refactor template full screen mode for reusability (#10638)

Various fixes and features

• Add custom logger capabilities and extended logging configuration (#10487)
• Add debug-level logging of LDAP calls and queries (#10406)
• Add consistent deprecation warnings for internal and external APIs (#10635)
• Change trends to aggregate and reduce data points (#10439)
• Change logging of backtraces to regular log levels and remove truncation (#10713)
• Change Fog library loading to only load providers in active use (#8516)
• Allow locations and organizations with the same names (#10660)
• Update documentation for reports expiry rake task (#10513)
• Allow configuration of logging level from settings.yaml (#6524)
• Add helper for plugins to access data about created roles (#11206)
• Fix audit records being created on counter updates (#10656)
• Fix audit records being created on Puppet class host changes (#10288)
• Fix deletion of smart class parameter overrides on host deletion (#10915)
• Fix slow report fetch SQL query under PostgreSQL on dashboard (#10879)
• Fix unnecessary SQL queries when orgs/locations are disabled (#6332)
• Fix N+1 SQL query on host and host group forms (#9969)
• Fix uniq calls to run in database (#10583)
• Fix sort.uniq call ordering to improve performance (#10584)
• Fix accessible host groups to remove unnecessary sorting (#3016)
• Fix in-memory attribute fetches with more specific database calls (#9593)
• Fix wrapping of host parameter table headers in Japanese (#7532)
• Fix unlocalized period in org/locations help page (#7454)
• Fix formatting of Puppet error email notifications (#9998)
• Fix foreman_url setting to be mandatory (#9613)
• Fix validation of unattended_url field to check protocols (#5649)
• Fix user groups to disallow empty names (#3711)
• Fix grammatical mistakes in foreman-rake man page (#10921)
• Fix seeding of org/locations when one already exists (#10695)
• Fix Ruby deprecation warning in LDAP auth source (#4769)
• Fix warnings from duplicate keys in hashes (#10437)
• Fix intermittent database deadlock during integration tests (#10507)
• Fix running of auth source tests (#9957)
• Fix password crypt tests when running on OS X (#9551)

Various internal refactorings

• Add test to check trends reduce task idempotency (#10439)
• Add helper method to check if a smart proxy has a feature (#10287)
• Add helper factory for host group provisioning (#10780)
• Change partition tables to be a type of provisioning template (#7096)
• Refactorings for Rails 4 compatibility (#10409)
• Refactor link_to confirm option for Rails 4 compatibility (#7574)
• Refactor boolean conversion logic into common class (#10402)
• Refactor host managed logic in NIC models (#10442)
• Refactor host OS access for consistency (#9397)
• Remove deprecated smart proxy scopes (#10899)
• Remove unused columns from hosts table (#10861)
• Remove setting cache clear debug logging (#10887)

A full list of changes in 1.9.0 is available via Redmine

Upgrade warnings

• IPMI BMC support now defaults to the lan20 driver, but this is not configurable (#10112)
• Virtual machine consoles now use ports between 5910 and 5930 (inclusive) randomly rather than sequentially, so ensure all ports in this range are open in firewalls between Foreman and web browsers (#10703)

Deprecations

The following deprecations may affect API users, plugin authors or advanced users.

• GET build_pxe_default API call is deprecated, API users should use POST instead
• Unversioned API access now uses APIv2, APIv1 users should see section 5.1.6
• “Config templates” in the API were renamed to “provisioning templates” - both work in APIv2, but future API versions will only use provisioning templates
• Deprecated SmartProxy.*_proxies accessors were removed
• Internal APIs now have an explicit “deadline” version at which they’ll be removed, starting with Foreman 1.11 (more info)
• The MS provider in Smart-Proxy DHCP module is deprecated and will be removed in future releases, use the native_ms provider instead.

Contributors

We’d like to thank the following people who contributed to the Foreman 1.9 release:

Aaron Stone, Adam Price, Adam Ruzicka, Alejandro Ramirez, alongoldboim, Andreas Lindh, Arnold Bechtoldt, Ashay Humane, Ashton Davis, Avi Miller, Avi Tal, Baptiste AGASSE, Benjamin Papillon, bmerjil, Bryan Kearney, bse, Carmela Rubiños, Chad Walstrom, Christian Arnold, Christina Gurski, Christine Fouant, Corey Osman, Craig Parker, Cristian Falcas, Dan Foster, Daniel Lobato Garcia, David Blaisonneau, David Davis, David O’Brien, dazole, Derek, Dmitri Dolguikh, Dmitry Kireev, Dominic Cleal, Dustin Morgan, Dustin Tsang, Eddie Hurtig, Eike Stehr, Eric D. Helms, Eric-Olivier Lamey, Ettore Atalan, Ewoud Kohl van Wijngaarden, Federico Voges, Fernando Carolo, Flamarion Jorge, Florian Maier, Florian Mueller, Francois Herbert, Gerwin Krist, gottaloveit, Greg Potts, Greg Sutcliffe, Ivan Nečas, Jan Pazdziora, Joey D, Johan Swensson, John Kim, John McCabe, johscheuer, Jon McKenzie, Joseph Mitchell Magen, jslatten, Julien Pivotto, Justin Sherrill, karmab, Keenan Brock, Klaas Demter, Konstantin Manna, krizzo, Kyle Gordon, Lucas Yamanishi, Lukáš Zapletal, Marek Hulán, Martin Bačovský, Martin Lariz, Martin Matuska, Martin Pfeifer, Mathieu Parent, Matt Chesler, Mattias Giese, Michael Moll, Mickaël Canévet, Mike Burns, Ohad Levy, Ondrej Prazak, Ori Rabin, Partha Aji, Pavel Moravec, Phirince Philip, ripcurld00d, Sana Khan, Sergio Ocón, Sherif Nagy, Shimon Shtein, Shlomi Zadok, Shuji Yamada, Silvia Perez, stefanlasiewski, Stefan Meyer, Stephen Benjamin, Steve Milner, Steven Bambling, Timo Goebel, Tomas Strachota, Tom Caspy, Tomer Brisker, Tom McKay, Trey Dockendorf, untsakas, Vanya Jauhal, Vladimir Pavlov, Walden Raines, Walter Huf, William Hefter, xenlo, Zdenek Janda.

As well as all users who helped test releases, report bugs and provide feedback on the project.

2. Quickstart

The Foreman installer is a collection of Puppet modules that installs everything required for a full working Foreman setup. It uses native OS packaging (e.g. RPM and .deb packages) and adds necessary configuration for the complete installation.

Components include the Foreman web UI, Smart Proxy, Passenger (for the puppet master and Foreman itself), and optionally TFTP, DNS and DHCP servers. It is configurable and the Puppet modules can be read or run in “no-op” mode to see what changes it will make.

Supported platforms

• CentOS, Scientific Linux or Oracle Linux 6 or 7
• Debian 8 (Jessie) or 7 (Wheezy)
• Fedora 19
• Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6 or 7
• Ubuntu 12.04 (Precise) or 14.04 (Trusty)

Other operating systems will need to use alternative installation methods (see the manual).

2.1 Installation

The Foreman installer uses Puppet to install Foreman. This guide assumes that you have a newly installed operating system, on which the installer will setup Foreman, a Puppet master with Passenger and the Smart Proxy by default.

Select operating system

To provide specific installation instructions, please select your operating system: -- select operating system -- CentOS, Scientific Linux or Oracle Linux 6 CentOS, Scientific Linux or Oracle Linux 7 Debian 8 (Jessie) Debian 7 (Wheezy) Fedora 19 Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6 Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7 Ubuntu 12.04 (Precise) Ubuntu 14.04 (Trusty)

Repositories

yum-config-manager --enable rhel-6-server-optional-rpms rhel-server-rhscl-6-rpms

yum-config-manager --enable rhel-7-server-optional-rpms rhel-server-rhscl-7-rpms

rpm -ivh http://yum.puppetlabs.com/puppetlabs-release-el-6.noarch.rpm

rpm -ivh http://dl.fedoraproject.org/pub/epel/epel-release-latest-6.noarch.rpm
yum -y install http://yum.theforeman.org/releases/1.9/el6/x86_64/foreman-release.rpm

yum -y install epel-release http://yum.theforeman.org/releases/1.9/el6/x86_64/foreman-release.rpm

rpm -ivh http://yum.puppetlabs.com/puppetlabs-release-el-7.noarch.rpm

rpm -ivh http://dl.fedoraproject.org/pub/epel/epel-release-latest-7.noarch.rpm
yum -y install http://yum.theforeman.org/releases/1.9/el7/x86_64/foreman-release.rpm

rpm -ivh http://dl.fedoraproject.org/pub/epel/epel-release-latest-7.noarch.rpm
yum -y install http://yum.theforeman.org/releases/1.9/el7/x86_64/foreman-release.rpm

rpm -ivh http://yum.puppetlabs.com/puppetlabs-release-fedora-19.noarch.rpm

yum -y install http://yum.theforeman.org/releases/1.9/f19/x86_64/foreman-release.rpm

echo "deb http://deb.theforeman.org/ jessie 1.9" > /etc/apt/sources.list.d/foreman.list
echo "deb http://deb.theforeman.org/ plugins 1.9" >> /etc/apt/sources.list.d/foreman.list
wget -q http://deb.theforeman.org/pubkey.gpg -O- | apt-key add -

apt-get -y install ca-certificates
wget https://apt.puppetlabs.com/puppetlabs-release-wheezy.deb
dpkg -i puppetlabs-release-wheezy.deb

echo "deb http://deb.theforeman.org/ wheezy 1.9" > /etc/apt/sources.list.d/foreman.list
echo "deb http://deb.theforeman.org/ plugins 1.9" >> /etc/apt/sources.list.d/foreman.list
wget -q http://deb.theforeman.org/pubkey.gpg -O- | apt-key add -

apt-get -y install ca-certificates
wget https://apt.puppetlabs.com/puppetlabs-release-precise.deb
dpkg -i puppetlabs-release-precise.deb

echo "deb http://deb.theforeman.org/ precise 1.9" > /etc/apt/sources.list.d/foreman.list
echo "deb http://deb.theforeman.org/ plugins 1.9" >> /etc/apt/sources.list.d/foreman.list
wget -q http://deb.theforeman.org/pubkey.gpg -O- | apt-key add -

apt-get -y install ca-certificates
wget https://apt.puppetlabs.com/puppetlabs-release-trusty.deb
dpkg -i puppetlabs-release-trusty.deb

echo "deb http://deb.theforeman.org/ trusty 1.9" > /etc/apt/sources.list.d/foreman.list
echo "deb http://deb.theforeman.org/ plugins 1.9" >> /etc/apt/sources.list.d/foreman.list
wget -q http://deb.theforeman.org/pubkey.gpg -O- | apt-key add -

Downloading the installer

yum -y install foreman-installer

apt-get update && apt-get -y install foreman-installer

Running the installer

The installation run is non-interactive, but the configuration can be customized by supplying any of the options listed in foreman-installer --help, or by running foreman-installer -i for interactive mode. More examples are given in the Installation Options section. Adding -v will disable the progress bar and display all changes. To run the installer, execute:

foreman-installer

After it completes, the installer will print some details about where to find Foreman and the Smart Proxy and Puppet master if they were installed along Foreman. Output should be similar to this:

  * Foreman is running at https://theforeman.example.com
      Initial credentials are admin / 3ekw5xtyXCoXxS29
  * Foreman Proxy is running at https://theforeman.example.com:8443
  * Puppetmaster is running at port 8140
  The full log is at /var/log/foreman-installer/foreman-installer.log

2.2 Puppet Management

After installation, the Foreman installer will have set up a puppet master on the host, fully integrated with Foreman. First run the Puppet agent on the Foreman host which will send the first Puppet report to Foreman, automatically creating the host in Foreman’s database.

puppet agent --test

In Foreman, click on the Hosts tab and your Foreman host should be visible in the list with an “O” status. This indicates its status is OK, with no changes made on the last Puppet run.

Downloading a Puppet module

Next, we’ll install a Puppet module for managing the NTP service. If you have Puppet 2.7.14 or higher, install the module automatically from Puppet Forge to our “production” environment (the default):

puppet module install -i /etc/puppet/environments/production/modules saz/ntp

On older versions, download the tar.gz and unpack to /etc/puppet/environments/production/modules/. Rename the directory to “ntp”, removing the author and version number.

In Foreman, go to Configure > Puppet Classes and click Import from hostname (top right) to read the available Puppet classes from the puppet master and populate Foreman’s database. The “ntp” class will appear in the Puppet class list if installed correctly.

Using the Puppet module

Click on the “ntp” class in the list, change to the Smart Class Parameters tab and select the server_list parameter on the left hand side. Tick the Override checkbox so Foreman manages the “server_list” parameter of the class and change the default value if desired, before submitting the page.

• More info: Parameterized classes documentation
• Screencast: Parameterized class support in Foreman

Change back to the Hosts tab and click Edit on the Foreman host. On the Puppet Classes tab, expand the ntp module and click the + icon to add the ntp class to the host, then save the host.

Clicking the YAML button when back on the host page will show the ntp class and the server_list parameter, as passed to Puppet via the ENC (external node classifier) interface. Re-run puppet agent --test on the Foreman host to see the NTP service automatically reconfigured by Puppet and the NTP module.

Adding more Puppet-managed hosts

Other hosts with Puppet agents installed can use this puppet master by setting server = foreman.example.com in puppet.conf. Sign their certificates in Foreman by going to Infrastructure > Smart Proxies > Certificates or using puppet cert list and puppet cert sign on the puppet master.

Puppet classes can be added to host groups in Foreman instead of individual hosts, enabling a standard configuration of many hosts simultaneously. Host groups are typically used to represent server roles.

3. Installing Foreman

There are several different methods of installing Foreman. The recommended way is with the puppet based Foreman Installer but you may also use your distribution’s package manager or install directly from source.

3.1 System Requirements

This sections outlines the system requirements for an installation of Foreman. This will cover the hardware requirements, OS requirements and firewall requirements. This includes variations for all supported database types.

3.1.1 Supported Platforms

The following operating systems are supported by the installer, have packages and are tested for deploying Foreman:

• Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6 or 7
  • EPEL is required
  • Enable the Optional and RHSCL 1 repositories/channels:
    • yum-config-manager --enable rhel-6-server-optional-rpms rhel-server-rhscl-6-rpms
    • check the above repositories because the command can silently fail when subscription does not provide it: yum repolist
  • Apply all SELinux-related erratas.
• CentOS, Scientific Linux or Oracle Linux 6 or 7
  • EPEL is required
• Fedora 19
• Debian 8 (Jessie)
• Debian 7 (Wheezy)
• Ubuntu 14.04 (Trusty)
• Ubuntu 12.04 (Precise)

It is recommended to apply all OS updates if possible.

All platforms will require Puppet 2.7 or higher. Puppet 3.x is supported and may be installed from the Puppet Labs repositories.

Other operating systems will need to use alternative installation methods, such as from source.

The following operating systems are known to install successfully from Foreman:

• RHEL and derivatives (CentOS, Scientific Linux, Oracle Linux) 3+
• Fedora
• Ubuntu
• Debian
• OpenSUSE
• SLES
• CoreOS
• Solaris
• FreeBSD
• Juniper Junos
• Cisco NX-OS

3.1.2 Puppet Compatibility

Foreman integrates with Puppet and Facter in a few places, but generally using a recent, stable version will be fine. The exact versions of Puppet and Facter that Foreman is compatible with are listed below.

Lines indicated with * require Parametrized_Classes_in_ENC in Foreman to be disabled.

The Foreman installer and packages are generally incompatible with Puppet Enterprise, however with some manual reconfiguration, individual Foreman components such as the smart proxy should work if needed (some further unsupported documentation can be found on the wiki). The installer in particular will conflict with a Puppet Enterprise installation. It is recommended that Foreman is installed using Puppet “open source”.

Facter compatibility

Foreman is known to be compatible with all Facter 1.x releases.

For Facter 2.x, both Foreman installer and Foreman 1.4.2 or higher are required.

Compatibility with structured facts in Facter 2.x is being introduced via #4528.

3.1.3 Firewall Configuration

Protect your Foreman environment by blocking all unnecessary and unused ports.

Ports indicated with * are running by default on a Foreman all-in-one installation and should be open.

3.2 Foreman Installer

The Foreman installer is a collection of Puppet modules that installs everything required for a full working Foreman setup. It uses native OS packaging (e.g. RPM and .deb packages) and adds necessary configuration for the complete installation.

Components include the Foreman web UI, Smart Proxy, Passenger (for the puppet master and Foreman itself), and optionally TFTP, DNS and DHCP servers. It is configurable and the Puppet modules can be read or run in “no-op” mode to see what changes it will make.

It’s strongly recommended to use the installer instead of only installing packages, as the installer uses OS packages and it saves a lot of time otherwise spent replicating configuration by hand.

By default it will configure:

• Apache HTTP with SSL (using a Puppet-signed certificate)
• Foreman running under mod_passenger
• Smart Proxy configured for Puppet, TFTP and SSL
• Puppet master running under mod_passenger
• Puppet agent configured
• TFTP server (under xinetd on Red Hat platforms)

Other modules can be enabled, which will also configure:

• ISC DHCP server
• BIND DNS server

3.2.1 Installation

Downloading the installer

Follow the instructions in section 2.1 Quickstart installation

Running the installer

The installation run is non-interactive, but the configuration can be customized by supplying any of the options listed in foreman-installer --help, or by running foreman-installer -i for interactive mode. More examples are given in the Installation Options section. Adding -v will disable the progress bar and display all changes, while --noop will run without making any changes. To run the installer, execute:

foreman-installer

After it completes, the installer will print some details about where to find Foreman and the Smart Proxy and Puppet master if they were installed along Foreman. Output should be similar to this:

  * Foreman is running at https://theforeman.example.com
      Initial credentials are admin / 3ekw5xtyXCoXxS29
  * Foreman Proxy is running at https://theforeman.example.com:8443
  * Puppetmaster is running at port 8140
  * The full log is at /var/log/foreman-installer/foreman-installer.log

3.2.2 Installer Options

The installer is a collection of Puppet modules, which have a large number of parameters available to customize the configuration. Parameters can be set by running foreman-installer with arguments, e.g. --foreman-db-type, changing settings in interactive mode or by setting up an answers file.

The precedence for settings is for those set by arguments to foreman-installer or interactive mode, then the answers file, then the Puppet manifest defaults.

foreman-installer arguments

Every parameter available in the installer can be set using command line arguments to foreman-installer. Run foreman-installer --help for a list of every available option.

When running the installer, all arguments passed on the command line will be persisted by default to /etc/foreman/foreman-installer.yaml and used automatically on subsequent runs, without needing to specify those arguments again. This persistence can be disabled with the -b option.

Interactive mode

The installer also provides a text driven interface to customize configuration parameters, and can be run by executing:

foreman-installer -i

Plugins and compute resources

The installer contains a number of high level modules (e.g. “foreman”, “puppet”) and additionally a number of smaller modules for additional functionality, such as plugins and compute resource support. These can be added with the “–enable” switches, or the default options can be disabled with “–no-enable” switches.

More information about compute resources can be found in the Compute Resources section and plugins in the Plugins section.

Available options

Answers file

The answers file describes the classes that will be applied to the host to install Foreman, along with their parameters. The foreman-installer package stores it at /etc/foreman/foreman-installer.yaml. By default, the all-in-one setup will include Foreman, a puppetmaster, Puppet agent, and the Smart Proxy:

---
foreman:
  custom_repo: true
foreman_proxy:
  custom_repo: true
puppet:
  server: true

Other examples are given in the next section, or /usr/share/foreman-installer/README.md.

3.2.3 Installation Scenarios

The Foreman installer can accommodate more complex, multi-host setups when supplied with appropriate parameters.

Setting up Foreman with external Puppet masters

Using the scenarios outlined below, a simple scale-out setup can be created as follows:

1. On the Foreman host, run a complete foreman-installer all-in-one installation to provide Foreman, a Puppet master and smart proxy. This will be the Puppet CA.

For each Puppet master:

1. Generate a new certificate following the steps in the SSL CA section and transfer it to the new Puppet master host
2. Run the standalone Puppet master installation as detailed below

Each Puppet master will register with Foreman as a smart proxy, while the instance running on the Foreman host itself will act as a central Puppet CA. These can be selected while adding new hosts or host groups.

SSL certificate authority setup

The scenarios below assume a single Puppet CA (certificate authority) for all hosts, which is also used for Foreman and smart proxy communications, though more complex deployments are possible. This might be the central Foreman host, or a particular Puppet master.

Other systems require certificates to be generated on the central Puppet CA host, then distributed to them before running foreman-installer (else it may generate a second CA). To prepare these, on the host acting as Puppet CA, run:

# puppet cert generate new-puppetmaster.example.com
Notice: new-puppetmaster.example.com has a waiting certificate request
Notice: Signed certificate request for new-puppetmaster.example.com
Notice: Removing file Puppet::SSL::CertificateRequest new-puppetmaster.example.com at '/var/lib/puppet/ssl/ca/requests/new-puppetmaster.example.com.pem'
Notice: Removing file Puppet::SSL::CertificateRequest new-puppetmaster.example.com at '/var/lib/puppet/ssl/certificate_requests/new-puppetmaster.example.com.pem'

# ls /var/lib/puppet/ssl/*/new-puppetmaster.example.com.pem
/var/lib/puppet/ssl/certs/new-puppetmaster.example.com.pem
/var/lib/puppet/ssl/private_keys/new-puppetmaster.example.com.pem
/var/lib/puppet/ssl/public_keys/new-puppetmaster.example.com.pem

Transfer the following files to the same paths on the new host:

• /var/lib/puppet/ssl/certs/ca.pem
• /var/lib/puppet/ssl/certs/new-puppetmaster.example.com.pem
• /var/lib/puppet/ssl/private_keys/new-puppetmaster.example.com.pem

This provides the new host a certificate in the same authority, but doesn’t make it a CA itself. Certificates will continue to be generated on the central Puppet CA host.

Standalone Puppet master

A standalone Puppet master can be configured along with a smart proxy installation, enabling the Puppet infrastructure to be scaled out. A certificate should be generated and copied to the host first to make it part of the same CA, else a new Puppet CA will be generated.

Command line arguments:

foreman-installer \
  --no-enable-foreman \
  --no-enable-foreman-cli \
  --no-enable-foreman-plugin-bootdisk \
  --no-enable-foreman-plugin-setup \
  --enable-puppet \
  --puppet-server-ca=false \
  --puppet-server-foreman-url=https://foreman.example.com \
  --enable-foreman-proxy \
  --foreman-proxy-puppetca=false \
  --foreman-proxy-tftp=false \
  --foreman-proxy-foreman-base-url=https://foreman.example.com \
  --foreman-proxy-trusted-hosts=foreman.example.com \
  --foreman-proxy-oauth-consumer-key=<key here> \
  --foreman-proxy-oauth-consumer-secret=<secret here>

Fill in the OAuth consumer key and secret values from your Foreman instance, retrieve them from Administer > Settings > Auth, and set the Foreman URLs appropriately. These allow the smart proxy to register automatically with the Foreman instance, or disable with --foreman-proxy-register-in-foreman=false.

PuppetDB integration

An existing PuppetDB server can be integrated into a Puppet master by adding:

foreman-installer \
  [...]
  --puppet-server-puppetdb-host=puppetdb.example.com \
  --puppet-server-reports=foreman,puppetdb \
  --puppet-server-storeconfigs-backend=puppetdb

Be aware that foreman-installer does not setup the PuppetDB server itself.

Foreman server without the Puppet master

The default “all-in-one” Foreman installation includes a Puppet master, but this can be disabled. Foreman by default uses Puppet’s SSL certificates however, so a certificate must be generated and copied to the host first, or all SSL communications need to be disabled.

Command line arguments:

foreman-installer \
  --puppet-server=false \
  --foreman-proxy-puppetrun=false \
  --foreman-proxy-puppetca=false

This will still configure the Puppet agent, but this too can be disabled with --no-enable-puppet to disable the whole Puppet module.

Smart proxy for DNS, DHCP etc.

The smart proxy allows management of various network services, such as DNS, DHCP and TFTP. The installer can set up a basic smart proxy service ready to be configured, or it can install and configure BIND or ISC DHCP ready to go. A certificate should be generated and copied to the host first so Foreman can contact the proxy server.

Command line arguments for a basic smart proxy installation:

foreman-installer \
  --no-enable-foreman \
  --no-enable-foreman-cli \
  --no-enable-foreman-plugin-bootdisk \
  --no-enable-foreman-plugin-setup \
  --no-enable-puppet \
  --enable-foreman-proxy \
  --foreman-proxy-tftp=false \
  --foreman-proxy-foreman-base-url=https://foreman.example.com \
  --foreman-proxy-trusted-hosts=foreman.example.com \
  --foreman-proxy-oauth-consumer-key=<key here> \
  --foreman-proxy-oauth-consumer-secret=<secret here>

Fill in the OAuth consumer key and secret values from your Foreman instance, retrieve them from Administer > Settings > Auth, and set the Foreman URL appropriately. These allow the smart proxy to register automatically with the Foreman instance, or disable with --foreman-proxy-register-in-foreman=false.

Command line arguments for a smart proxy configured with just BIND, setting DNS forwarders and overriding the default forward and reverse DNS zones:

foreman-installer \
  --no-enable-foreman \
  --no-enable-foreman-cli \
  --no-enable-foreman-plugin-bootdisk \
  --no-enable-foreman-plugin-setup \
  --no-enable-puppet \
  --enable-foreman-proxy \
  --foreman-proxy-tftp=false \
  --foreman-proxy-puppetca=false \
  --foreman-proxy-puppetrun=false \
  --foreman-proxy-dns=true \
  --foreman-proxy-dns-interface=eth0 \
  --foreman-proxy-dns-zone=example.com \
  --foreman-proxy-dns-reverse=0.0.10.in-addr.arpa \
  --foreman-proxy-dns-forwarders=8.8.8.8 \
  --foreman-proxy-dns-forwarders=8.8.4.4 \
  --foreman-proxy-foreman-base-url=https://foreman.example.com \
  --foreman-proxy-trusted-hosts=foreman.example.com \
  --foreman-proxy-oauth-consumer-key=<key here> \
  --foreman-proxy-oauth-consumer-secret=<secret here>

Ensure the dns-interface argument is updated with the correct network interface name for the DNS server to listen on. After configuration, make sure to create Subnet in Foreman under Infrastructure > Subnets for the particular Smart Proxy which registers automatically.

Command line arguments for a smart proxy configured with just ISC DHCP and a single DHCP subnet:

foreman-installer \
  --no-enable-foreman \
  --no-enable-foreman-cli \
  --no-enable-foreman-plugin-bootdisk \
  --no-enable-foreman-plugin-setup \
  --no-enable-puppet \
  --enable-foreman-proxy \
  --foreman-proxy-puppetca=false \
  --foreman-proxy-puppetrun=false \
  --foreman-proxy-tftp=false \
  --foreman-proxy-dhcp=true \
  --foreman-proxy-dhcp-interface=eth0 \
  --foreman-proxy-dhcp-gateway=10.0.0.1 \
  --foreman-proxy-dhcp-range="10.0.0.100 10.0.0.200" \
  --foreman-proxy-dhcp-nameservers="10.0.1.2,10.0.1.3" \
  --foreman-proxy-foreman-base-url=https://foreman.example.com \
  --foreman-proxy-trusted-hosts=foreman.example.com \
  --foreman-proxy-oauth-consumer-key=<key here> \
  --foreman-proxy-oauth-consumer-secret=<secret here>

Also ensure here that the dhcp-interface argument is updated for the interface to run DHCP on. After configuration, make sure to create a new Subnet (or import from existing) in the Foreman interface.

While it is possible to define the same DHCP range in Foreman, it’s usually good practice to select a range from outside the pool defined in the installer, but still in the subnet. For the example above, it is recommended to define the DHCP range from 10.0.0.1 to 10.0.0.99 in the Foreman UI which gives the following IP address distribution:

• 10.0.0.1 - 10.0.0.99 - addresses reserved during bare-metal provisioning by Foreman
• 10.0.0.100 - 10.0.200 - addresses for dynamic clients in the subnet (discovered hosts, unmanaged hosts)

3.3 Install From Packages

Packages are available for Red Hat and Debian-based distributions. This will install a standalone Foreman service running under WEBrick, which has limited scalability.

The Puppet-based Foreman installer is recommended for most environments, instead of installing only the packages as it will perform full configuration too.

3.3.1 RPM Packages

Foreman is packaged for the following RPM based distributions:

• RHEL and derivatives, version 6 and 7
• Fedora 19

For most users, it’s highly recommended to use the installer as the packages only provide the software and a standalone Foreman service. The installer installs these packages, then additionally configures Foreman to run under Apache and Passenger with PostgreSQL, plus can configure a complete Puppet setup integrated with Foreman.

Pre-requisites

All RHEL and derivatives must be subscribed to EPEL to provide additional dependencies. Install epel-release from here to automatically configure it.

RHEL 6 and 7 hosts must also be subscribed to the RHEL 6/7 Optional repository or child channel in RHN.

All RHEL and derivatives require Red Hat Software Collections (RHSCL) 1 or rebuild, e.g. Software Collections for CentOS. RHSCL is available to RHEL customers as a separate repository or child channel. More information on Software Collections for CentOS is available here, for Scientific Linux it is available here and for Oracle Linux it is available here.

To enable both optional and software collections on a RHEL 6 system using subscription-manager, run:

yum-config-manager --enable rhel-6-server-optional-rpms rhel-server-rhscl-6-rpms

Optionally, the Puppet Labs repository can be configured to obtain the latest version of Puppet available, instead of the version on EPEL. See the Puppet Labs Package Repositories documentation on how to configure these.

Available repositories

Three main repos are provided at http://yum.theforeman.org:

• /releases/latest or /releases/VERSION (e.g. /releases/1.9) carries the stable releases and updates of Foreman and its dependencies.
• /rc carries release candidates only in the few weeks prior to a release. Ensure after a release is made that you use the main releases repo instead.
• /nightly carries the latest development builds and as such, may be unstable or occasionally broken.

Under each repo are directories for each distribution, then each architecture.

Release packages

To set up the repository, foreman-release packages are provided which add a repo definition to /etc/yum.repos.d. Install the appropriate release RPM from these lists:

yum localinstall http://yum.theforeman.org/releases/1.9/el6/x86_64/foreman-release.rpm
yum localinstall http://yum.theforeman.org/releases/1.9/el7/x86_64/foreman-release.rpm
yum localinstall http://yum.theforeman.org/releases/1.9/f19/x86_64/foreman-release.rpm

For release candidate or nightly RPMs, change the URL as appropriate based on the above list of available repositories.

Signing

Release and release candidate packages are signed by the “Foreman Automatic Signing Key (2014) packages@theforeman.org” (0x1AA043B8). Nightly packages are not signed.

A copy of the key is available from public keyservers or here.

Available packages

Install foreman and other foreman-* packages to add functionality:

foreman               Foreman server
foreman-proxy         Foreman Smart Proxy
foreman-compute       OpenStack and Rackspace provisioning support
foreman-debug         Log and debug collection tools
foreman-ec2           Amazon EC2 provisioning support
foreman-libvirt       libvirt provisioning support
foreman-ovirt         oVirt/RHEV provisioning support
foreman-vmware        VMware provisioning support
foreman-cli           Foreman CLI utility
foreman-console       Console additions
foreman-selinux       SELinux targeted policy
foreman-mysql2        MySQL database support
foreman-postgresql    PostgreSQL database support
foreman-sqlite        SQLite database support

Setup

1. Configure by editing /etc/foreman/settings.yaml and /etc/foreman/database.yml
2. After changing the database, migrate it: sudo -u foreman /usr/share/foreman/extras/dbmigrate
3. Start the foreman service or set up passenger: service foreman start

Upgrade

See upgrade instructions

3.3.2 Software Collections

The RPMs use a packaging technique called Software Collections, or SCL. This provides Ruby and all dependencies required to run Foreman separately from the version of Ruby provided by the distribution.

The current stack is “ruby193”, which provides Ruby 1.9.3 and Ruby on Rails 3.2. All packages will have a “ruby193-“ prefix, allowing them to be easily identified, and will install entirely underneath /opt/rh/ruby193.

The system Ruby version is left alone and will still be used for packages provided both by the distribution, and other third parties who target the system Ruby (e.g. Puppet packages).

Foreman currently uses SCL only on RHEL and EL clones where a newer version of Ruby is desired. Fedora only uses the distro version of Ruby.

In order to run rake commands for Foreman, or scripts that run in the same environment, ruby193-rake and ruby193-ruby wrappers are provided as alternatives for the usual rake or ruby. In order to run a series of commands or a script directly within the software collection, scl enable ruby193 'other command' can be used. It is also possible to run scl enable ruby193 bash to get a shell within the context of the SCL. Foreman rake tasks should be run with “foreman-rake”, which automates this process.

More general information about software collections is available from these links:

• RHEL packaging: Software Collections (SCLs)
• Fedora Contributor Documentation: Software Collections Guide

Passenger under the SCL

When running Foreman under Passenger (the default installer setup), a specific configuration is needed for SCL (on EL), since Foreman operates under the SCL Ruby and other apps such as the puppetmaster will use the system Ruby. Passenger 4 is shipped in the Foreman repos as it can be configured with separate Ruby binaries per VirtualHost. The full configuration is described below.

The following packages must be installed:

• mod_passenger
• ruby193-rubygem-passenger
• ruby193-rubygem-passenger-native
• ruby193-rubygem-passenger-native-libs
• rubygem-passenger
• rubygem-passenger-native
• rubygem-passenger-native-libs

Ensure all version numbers match and are at least 4.0. mod_passenger provides the Apache module, while there are two copies of the Ruby components, one for the SCL Ruby (ruby193-rubygem-*) and one for the system Ruby (rubygem-*).

The /etc/httpd/conf.d/passenger.conf file is supplied by mod_passenger and should contain:

LoadModule passenger_module modules/mod_passenger.so
<IfModule mod_passenger.c>
   PassengerRoot /usr/lib/ruby/gems/1.8/gems/passenger-4.0.5
   PassengerRuby /usr/bin/ruby
</IfModule>

Check for .rpmsave or .rpmnew config backup files if this isn’t correct. Note that this refers to the system Ruby paths by default, allowing everything except Foreman (i.e. the puppetmaster) to run under the system Ruby.

Next, the Foreman config file at /etc/httpd/conf.d/foreman.conf must contain this entry in both HTTP and HTTPS VirtualHost sections:

PassengerRuby /usr/bin/ruby193-ruby

The full foreman.conf template from the installer is available here for comparison.

Ensure both RailsAutoDetect and RakeAutoDetect config entries are removed from foreman.conf and puppet.conf when using Passenger 4, since they have been deprecated.

When successfully configured, two Passenger RackApp processes will be visible and by inspecting the open files, the Ruby version being loaded can be confirmed:

# ps auxww | grep RackApp
foreman  16627  0.1 15.4 466980 157196 ?       Sl   07:35   0:09 Passenger RackApp: /usr/share/foreman
puppet   16697  0.8 11.3 253080 115720 ?       Sl   07:35   1:13 Passenger RackApp: /etc/puppet/rack
# lsof -p 16697 | grep libruby
ruby    16697 puppet  mem    REG              253,0   951224  272286 /usr/lib64/libruby.so.1.8.7
# lsof -p 16627 | grep libruby
ruby    16627 foreman  mem    REG              253,0  2041096  171190 /opt/rh/ruby193/root/usr/lib64/libruby.so.1.9.1

3.3.3 Debian Packages

The Foreman packages should work on the following Debian-based Linux distributions:

Distributions

• Debian Linux 8.0 (Jessie)
• Debian Linux 7.0 (Wheezy)
• Ubuntu Linux 14.04 LTS (Trusty Tahr)
• Ubuntu Linux 12.04 LTS (Precise Pangolin)

If you encounter any errors during the installation, please file a bug report!

Apt Configuration

Add one of the following lines to your /etc/apt/sources.list (alternatively in a separate file in /etc/apt/sources.list.d/foreman.list):

# Stable packages

# Debian Jessie
deb http://deb.theforeman.org/ jessie 1.9
# Debian Wheezy
deb http://deb.theforeman.org/ wheezy 1.9
# Ubuntu 14.04 Trusty
deb http://deb.theforeman.org/ trusty 1.9
# Ubuntu 12.04 Precise
deb http://deb.theforeman.org/ precise 1.9

# Nightly builds. Beware: HERE BE DRAGONS

# Debian Jessie
deb http://deb.theforeman.org/ jessie nightly
# Debian Wheezy
deb http://deb.theforeman.org/ wheezy nightly
# Ubuntu 14.04 Precise
deb http://deb.theforeman.org/ trusty nightly
# Ubuntu 12.04 Precise
deb http://deb.theforeman.org/ precise nightly

You may also want some plugins from the plugin repo (required for the Foreman Installer):

# Plugins compatible with Stable
deb http://deb.theforeman.org/ plugins 1.9
# Plugins compatible with Nightly
deb http://deb.theforeman.org/ plugins nightly

The public key for secure APT can be downloaded here

You can add this key with

apt-key add pubkey.gpg

or combine downloading and registering:

wget -q http://deb.theforeman.org/pubkey.gpg -O- | apt-key add -

The key fingerprint is

7059 542D 5AEA 367F 7873  2D02 B348 4CB7 1AA0 43B8
Foreman Automatic Signing Key (2014) <packages@theforeman.org>

Remember to update your package lists!

apt-get update

Install packages

The packages are now split by gem dependencies - there are 11 packages to choose from. These are:

Main package:

• foreman

Database gems - you need at least one of these:

• foreman-sqlite3
• foreman-mysql2
• foreman-pgsql

Optional functionality:

• foreman-console
• foreman-compute
• foreman-debug
• foreman-ec2
• foreman-gce
• foreman-libvirt
• foreman-ovirt
• foreman-test
• foreman-vmware

Command line interface:

• ruby-hammer-cli
• ruby-hammer-cli-foreman

Installation instructions are:

# Install packages  (adjust additional packages as needed)
apt-get install foreman foreman-sqlite3 foreman-libvirt

# Copy sample db config to /etc
cp /usr/share/foreman/config/database.yml.example /etc/foreman/database.yml

# Review settings and DB config
vi /etc/foreman/settings.yaml /etc/foreman/database.yml

# Perform initial DB setup
foreman-rake db:migrate
foreman-rake db:seed

The packages should auto-run db:migrate and db:seed if /etc/foreman/database.yml exists. So the initial DB setup is only needed during first install, upgrades should just work.

Upgrade

See upgrade instructions

3.4 Install From Source

Installing the latest development code: Foreman has now moved to using Rails 3 and Bundler to get up and running. This is the preferred way to get Foreman if you want to benefit from the latest improvements. By using the git repository you can also upgrade more easily. You will need to have Bundler installed manually for now (check your distribution repositories, or install it via rubygems).

Foreman will run with the following requirements (aside from rubygem dependencies):

• Ruby 1.8.7 or 1.9
• rubygems
• Puppet >= 0.24.4

The installation has been successfully tested on RHEL[5,6], Fedora[13,14,15,16,17], Debian Linux 6.0 (Squeeze) and Ubuntu Linux 12.04 (the community has reported varying success with other Debian/Ubuntu versions - 12.10 seems fine for example). For older operating systems you might need additional packages (e.g. sqlite). It is also known to work on Solaris and Mac.

to get latest “development” version do:

You will want to make sure that you have one of the mysql-devel, postgresql-devel, and sqlite-devel libraries installed so the database gems can install properly. Also, you would also need gcc, ruby-devel, libxml-devel, libxslt-devel, and libvirt-devel packages

For RHEL6 or clones, you can issue the following commands to install all required packages:

yum groupinstall "Development Tools" "Development Libraries"
yum -y install gcc-c++ git ruby ruby-devel rubygems \
    libvirt-devel mysql-devel postgresql-devel openssl-devel \
    libxml2-devel sqlite-devel libxslt-devel zlib-devel \
    readline-devel tar

Additionally, it is important that config/database.yml is set to use the correct database in the “production” block. Rails (and subsequently Foreman) will use these connection settings under “production” to manage the database it uses and setup the necessary schema.

git clone https://github.com/theforeman/foreman.git -b develop
cd foreman
cp config/settings.yaml.example config/settings.yaml
cp config/database.yml.example config/database.yml
gem install bundler
# depending on database configured in yml file you can skip others
# (we are assuming sqlite to be configured)
bundle install --without mysql2 pg test --path vendor # or postgresql
# set up database schema, precompile assets and locales
RAILS_ENV=production bundle exec rake db:migrate
RAILS_ENV=production bundle exec rake db:seed assets:precompile locale:pack

In order to run Foreman you can use the following command inside your git repository:

./script/rails s -e production

Latest stable version

to get latest “stable” version do:

git clone https://github.com/theforeman/foreman.git -b 1.9-stable

CLI (Hammer)

To install hammer from git checkouts, you will just need rake installed on your system. Clone and install CLI core

$ git clone https://github.com/theforeman/hammer-cli.git
$ cd hammer-cli
$ rake install
$ cd ..

and clone plugin with foreman commands

$ git clone https://github.com/theforeman/hammer-cli-foreman.git
$ cd hammer-cli-foreman
$ rake install
$ cd ..

You can install other hammer plugins via any of the methods mentioned above.

3.5 Configuration

The following sections detail the configuration steps required to get Foreman working in your environment. Lets get started!

3.5.1 Initial Setup

Configuration

Foreman configuration is managed from two places; a configuration file config/settings.yaml and from the SETTINGS/Foreman Settings page. A full description of the configuration options is given at foreman_configuration

Database

Foreman requires a database of its own to operate - database sharing is unsupported. By default, the installer uses PostgreSQL, while a package or source installation will use SQLite. If you want to use other database (e.g. MySQL) please modify the configuration file under config/database.yml.

In all cases, please use the production settings.

to initialize the database schema and content, run:

foreman-rake db:migrate
foreman-rake db:seed

For more information please see the database configuration page here

Import Data from Puppet

At this point, you might want to go through the [[FAQ]] to see how can you import your data into Foreman.

Start The Web Server

if you installed via rpm, just start the foreman service, or start the builtin web server by typing:

RAILS_ENV=production rails server

and point your browser to http://foreman:3000

If you would like to keep the server running, its recommend to setup passenger or use the RPM. Example usage with passenger can be found on GitHub.

Getting your Puppet Reports into Foreman

Read Puppet_Reports to learn how to get your nodes to report to Foreman.

3.5.2 Configuration Options

Configuration is broken into two parts. The /etc/foreman/settings.yaml file and the Administer > Settings page. The configuration file contains a few low-level options that need to be set before Foreman starts but the majority of Foreman customization is managed from within the web interface on the Settings page.

The configuration file can also override those settings specified in the web interface. Any settings added in the config file that are available in the web interface will be made read-only.

The config/settings.yaml file

YAML start

The first non-comment line of this file must be three dashes.

---

login

This boolean option configures whether Foreman requires users to to login. If it is set then each user will be expected to authenticate themselves and all operations will occur, and be audited, under their identity. When this option is false then all activity will be executed under the admin account.

:login: true

require_ssl

This boolean option configures whether Foreman insists on using only https/ssl encrypted communication channels in the web interface. This does not configure the channels used to contact the smart-proxies. Note that certain operations will still accept a http connection even if this is set, for example, the downloading of a finish script.

:require_ssl: true

unattended

This boolean option configures whether Foreman will act as a simple node classifier for puppet, or support the full spectrum of operations required for managing a host’s lifecycle. When set to true then foreman will provide full host building facilities for various operating systems.

:unattended: true

support_jsonp

This boolean options configures whether Foreman will provide support for the JavaScript object notation with padding. When set to true then Foreman will allow to pass a callback parameter to the API calls.

:support_jsonp: false

logging

This options contains a hash of parameters that override the current logging configuration. It supports any of the options that are in logging.yaml (see below), but most usually it’s used to change the log level for debugging.

:logging:
  :level: debug

loggers

This options contains a hash of config options for specific loggers, which cover parts of Foreman functionality. It’s usually used to enable additional types of logging.

Available loggers are:

• app - web requests and all general application logs (default: true)
• ldap - high level LDAP queries (e.g. find users in group) and LDAP operations performed (default: false)
• permissions - evaluation of user roles, filters and permissions when loading pages (default: false)
• sql - SQL queries made through Rails ActiveRecord, only debug (default: true)

Uncomment or add a :loggers block to enable or disable loggers:

:loggers:
  :app:
    :enabled: true
  :ldap:
    :enabled: false
  :permissions:
    :enabled: false
  :sql:
    :enabled: true

Some plugins may add their own loggers. See the configuration files in /etc/foreman/plugins/ which should list possibilities and enable them there.

The ‘email.yaml’ file

This settings file can be found at /etc/foreman/email.yaml, or config/email.yaml on a source installation.

An example settings file can be found at config/email.yaml.example, copy this file to config/email.yaml if there isn’t already a config file.

Configuration Directives

authentication

The type of authentication method expected by your service provider.

Valid settings:

:login
:none

(note: if you set this to :none, you must not include the user_name and password settings)

delivery_method

The mail transport method to be used.

Valid settings:

:smtp
:sendmail

Example email.yml Configurations

Simple Login Authentication (default settings)

production:
  delivery_method: :smtp
  smtp_settings:
    address: smtp.example.net
    port: 25
    domain: example.net
    authentication: :login
    user_name: foreman@example.net
    password: foreman

No Authentication

Example for an SMTP service provider with no authentication. Note the colon before none.

production:
  delivery_method: :smtp
  smtp_settings:
    address: smtp.nowhere.net
    port: 25
    domain: nowhere.com
    authentication: :none

Using sendmail command

Example for a unix system that uses the /usr/sbin/sendmail command.

production:
  delivery_method: :sendmail

The ‘logging.yaml’ file

This settings file can be found at /etc/foreman/logging.yaml, or config/logging.yaml on a source installation. It controls the default logging locations, formatting and log levels per Rails environment.

In a normal installation, only the “production” environment is relevant - development and test are only used in source installations. The file has comments for the most common configuration options, which can be changed here or overridden from the logging directive in the main settings.yaml config file (see above).

The ‘Administer/Settings’ page

administrator

When Foreman needs to mail the administrator then this is the email address that it will contact. The domain is determined from Facter, else it will default to the “:domain” setting in /etc/foreman/settings.yaml. Default: root@<your domain>.

authorize_login_delegation

mod_proxy and other load balancers will set a REMOTE_USER environment variable. If this is true , your users will be able to login through an external service and Foreman requests will be authenticated using this REMOTE_USER variable. Default: false

authorize_login_delegation_api

Same as above, but this setting allows REMOTE_USER authentication for API calls as well. Default: false

authorize_login_delegation_auth_source_autocreate

If you have authorize_login_delegation set, new users can be autocreated through your external authentication mechanism by changing this to the name of the Auth Source you want to use to auto create users. Default: ‘’

create_new_host_when_facts_are_uploaded

When facts are received from Puppet or other configuration management systems, a corresponding host will be created in Foreman if the certname or hostname is unknown. When false, this behavior is disabled and facts will be discarded from unknown hosts. Default: true See also: create_new_host_when_report_is_uploaded

create_new_host_when_report_is_uploaded

If a report is received from Puppet or other configuration management systems, a corresponding host will be created in Foreman if the hostname is unknown. When false, this behavior is disabled and reports will be discarded from unknown hosts. Default: true See also: create_new_host_when_facts_are_uploaded

default_location

The name of an location that hosts uploading facts into Foreman will be assigned to if they are new or missing an location. This can be used when hosts are created through fact uploads to ensure they’re assigned to the correct location to prevent resource mismatches. For inherited location, the fact should use slash-delimited names, e.g. “USA/New York”. Default: ‘’

default_organization

The name of an organization that hosts uploading facts into Foreman will be assigned to if they are new or missing an organization. This can be used when hosts are created through fact uploads to ensure they’re assigned to the correct organization to prevent resource mismatches. For inherited organization, the fact should use slash-delimited names, e.g. “ACME Inc/Engineering”. Default: ‘’

default_puppet_environment

When Foreman receives a fact upload from a machine that it has not previously come across it will create a host in its database. If the facts from that host did not contain information about the puppet environment then it will assign the default_puppet_environment environment to this host. Default: production

Default_variables_Lookup_Path

A Smart-variable’s match criteria are evaluated in a specific order and if this search order is not provided then Default_variables_Lookup_Path is used. Default: [“fqdn”, “hostgroup”, “os”, “domain”]

document_root

Puppetdoc will create RDoc documents for your manifests if its available. This setting allows you to select the directory where you want these documents to be created. Default: foreman_root/public/puppet/rdoc

email_reply_address

The return address applied to outgoing emails. Default: Foreman-noreply@<your domain>

email_subject_prefix

The subject line prefix for any emails sent by Foreman. Default: [foreman]

enc_environment

When this is true, Foreman will send the puppet environment in the ENC yaml output. This is meant to fix conflicts between a node’s puppet.conf environment and the environment set in Foreman. On Puppet 3+, agents will take the environment sent by the ENC. When false, the ENC yaml will not contain the environment, the node will not update its environment and use the one at puppet.conf. Default: true

Enable_Smart_Variables_in_ENC

Whether Smart-variables should be included in the yaml node information provided to puppet. Default: true

entries_per_page

The number of entries that will be shown in the web interface for list operations. Default: 20

foreman_url

Emails may contain embedded references to Foreman’s web interface. This option allows the URL prefix to be configured. The FQDN is determined from Facter, else it will default to the “:fqdn” setting in /etc/foreman/settings.yaml. Default: https://FQDN/ or http://FQDN/ (depending on require_ssl) See also: unattended_url

host_group_matchers_inheritance

Matchers used in smart variables or class parameters to match host groups can be inherited by children of those matching host groups too (e.g. a matcher for hostgroup=Base will also apply to Base/Web). Set this to false to make matchers only match a particular hostgroup and not its children. Default: true

idle_timeout

Users that stay idle (no requests sent to Foreman) for more than this number of minutes will be logged out. Default: 60

interpolate_erb_in_parameters

If true, Foreman variables will be exposed to the ENC. Check Template Writing for a more comprehensive guide on how to create and use these variables in your ERB templates. Default: true

ignore_puppet_facts_for_provisioning

If this option is set to true then Foreman will not update the IP and MAC addresses stored on a host’s network interfaces with the values that it receives from facts. It will also include Foreman’s values for IP and MAC to Puppet in its node/ENC information. Default: false

legacy_puppet_hostname

This setting truncates the hostname of your smart proxy to ‘puppet’ if it starts with ‘puppet’. Default: false

libvirt_default_console_access

The IP address that should be used for the console listen address when provisioning new virtual machines via Libvirt. Default: 0.0.0.0

location_fact

The name of a fact from hosts reporting into Foreman which gives the full location name of the host. This can be used when hosts are created through fact uploads to ensure they’re assigned to the correct location to prevent resource mismatches. The location of a host will be updated to the value of the fact on every fact upload. For inherited locations, the fact should use slash-delimited names, e.g. “USA/New York”. Default: foreman_location

login_delegation_logout_url

If your external authentication system has a logout URL, redirect your users to it here. This setting can be useful if your users sign in Foreman through SSO, and you want them to sign out from all services when they log out Foreman. Default: ‘’

manage_puppetca

If this option is set to true then Foreman will manage a host’s Puppet certificate signing. If it is set to false then some external mechanism is required to ensure that the host’s certificate request is signed. Default: true

max_trend

Days that trend graphs will capture. Default: 30

modulepath

This it the modulepath that foreman uses when processing puppet modules. It is usually able to determine this itself at runtime but if it is not able to find a value then modulepath is used. Default: /etc/puppet/modules

oauth_active

Enables OAuth authentication for API requests. Default: false

oauth_consumer_key

OAuth consumer key Default: none

oauth_consumer_secret

OAuth consumer secret Default: none

oauth_map_users

This allows OAuth users to specify which user their requests map to. When this is false, OAuth requests will map to admin. Default: true

organization_fact

The name of a fact from hosts reporting into Foreman which gives the full organization name of the host. This can be used when hosts are created through fact uploads to ensure they’re assigned to the correct organization to prevent resource mismatches. The organization of a host will be updated to the value of the fact on every fact upload. For inherited organization, the fact should use slash-delimited names, e.g. “ACME Inc/Engineering”. Default: foreman_organization

outofsync_interval

Duration in minutes after the Puppet interval for servers to be classed as out of sync. This is added to the puppet_interval setting and used in pages such as the host list and dashboard. Default: 5

Parametrized_Classes_in_ENC

In Puppet 2.6.5+, the ENC may send a hash of the class’s attributes and values. Before then, the ENC used to send just an array of class names. Set this to true if you are using any version of Puppet equal to or higher than 2.6.5. Default: true

proxy_request_timeout

Timeout in seconds used when making REST requests to a Smart Proxy, e.g. when importing Puppet classes or creating DHCP records. May be set to a larger value when certain operations take a long time. Default: 60

puppet_interval

This is the number of minutes between each run of puppet. Default: 30

puppet_server

The default puppet server hostname. For larger organizations this is often a non fqdn so that a name like puppet can be a different host within each DNS domain. Default: puppet

puppetrun

If this option is set to true then Foreman will be able to trigger a puppet run on any host that it manages. Default: false

query_local_nameservers

If true, Foreman will query the local DNS. When false Foreman will query the SOA/NS authority. Warning! Querying a resolver can cause Foreman to get false positives when checking presence of DNS records due to caching. Default: false

remote_addr

If Foreman is running behind Passenger or a remote load balancer, the IP of this load balance should be set here. This is a regular expression, so it can support several load balancers, i.e: (10.0.0.1|127.0.0.1) Default: 127.0.0.1

require_ssl_smart_proxies

When set to true, Foreman requires a client SSL certificate on requests from smart proxies or services on them (e.g. Puppet masters), and will verify the CN of the certificate against the known smart proxies. If false, it uses the reverse DNS of the IP address making the request. require_ssl in config/settings.yaml should be enabled too. For more information about securing the connection between Puppet masters or smart proxies and Foreman, see Section 5.4.1 Default: true

restrict_registered_smart_proxies

When set to true, services such as Puppet masters (or Salt, Chef) need to have a smart proxy registered with the appropriate feature (e.g. Puppet) to access fact/report importers and ENC output. Default: true

root_pass

If a root password is not provided whilst configuring a host or its host group then this encrypted password is used when building the host. Default: ‘’ (To generate a new one you should use: openssl passwd -1 “your_password” )

safemode_render

The default templating system used within Foreman allows unlimited interpolated variables and expressions. This could obviously be abused so a evaluation environment is provided that restricts the template variables and expressions to a whitelist. When this option is true then only known helper methods and instance variables will be available in template expansion. Default: true

send_welcome_email

New account holders will receive a welcome email when the account is created if this is enabled, including their username and a link to Foreman. Default: false

ssl_client_dn_env

Environment variable containing the subject DN from a client SSL certificate Default: SSL_CLIENT_S_DN

ssl_client_verify_env

Environment variable containing the verification status of a client SSL certificate Default: SSL_CLIENT_VERIFY

ssl_ca_file

The SSL Certificate Authority file that Foreman will use when connecting to its smart-proxies. Default: The CA file used by puppet

ssl_certificate

The SSL certificate that Foreman will use when connecting to its smart-proxies. Default: The host certificate used by puppet

ssl_priv_key

The SSL private key file that Foreman will use when connecting to its smart-proxies. Default: The private key file used by puppet

token_duration

Time in minutes installation tokens should be valid for, 0 to disable token generation. Default: 360 (6 hours)

trusted_puppetmaster_hosts

Other trusted puppet masters in addition to Smart Proxies to access fact/report importers and ENC output. i.e: [puppetmaster1.yourdomain.com, puppetmaster2.yourdomain.com] Default: []

unattended_url

This controls the URL prefix used in provisioning templates such as TFTP/PXELinux files that refer to the Foreman server. It is usually HTTP rather than HTTPS due to lack of installer support for HTTPS. The FQDN is determined from Facter, else it will default to the “:fqdn” setting in /etc/foreman/settings.yaml. Default: http://FQDN/ See also: foreman_url

update_environment_from_facts

If Foreman receives an environment fact from one of its hosts and if this option is true, it will update the host’s environment with the new value. By default this is not the case as Foreman should manage the host’s environment. Default: false

update_ip_from_built_request

If true, Foreman will update the host IP with the IP that made the ‘build’ request. This request is made at the end of a provisioning cycle to indicate a host has completed the build. Default: false

use_shortname_for_vms

When false, any hosts created on a compute resource will use the FQDN of the host for the name of the virtual machine. When set to the true, the short name (i.e. without domain) will be used instead. Default: false

use_gravatar

Display user avatars by matching their emails with emails at Gravatar.com Default: true

use_uuid_for_certificates

When enabled, Foreman will generate UUIDs for each host instead of using the hostname as the Puppet certname, which is more reliable with changing hostnames. Note that when disabling this setting, existing stored certnames won’t be changed or discarded until new certificates are requested from a host (i.e. on a rebuild), in order that the existing certificate remains known to Foreman and can be revoked.

websockets_encrypt

When enabled, virtual machine consoles using NoVNC will always be sent over an encrypted WebSocket connection. When set to ‘auto’, it will be enabled if the session is using HTTPS and both websockets_ssl_key and websockets_ssl_cert are set.

websockets_ssl_cert

Path to the SSL certificate that will be used for the WebSockets server when serving virtual machine consoles. Should be the same as the SSL certificate used for the Foreman web server (e.g. Apache).

websockets_ssl_key

Path to the SSL private key that will be used for the WebSockets server when serving virtual machine consoles. Should be the same as the SSL key used for the Foreman web server (e.g. Apache).

3.5.3 Database Setup

Foreman is a rails application. Therefore, anything that is supported under RAILS (sqlite, mysql, postgresql, …) can be used. See 3.3 Install From Packages for a list of packages for connecting foreman to the databse of your choice. At this time, Oracle DB is known to not work. Patches are welcome!

The database configuration file can be found at:

/etc/foreman/database.yml

SQLite (default)

By default, the database will be created in the db subdirectory.

production:
  adapter: sqlite3
  database: db/production.sqlite3
  pool: 5
  timeout: 5000

MySQL

Edit your config/database.yml and modify:

production:
  adapter: mysql2
  database: foreman
  username: foreman
  password: password
  host: localhost
  socket: "/var/run/mysqld/mysqld.sock"

Afterwards you would need to re-populate your database, simply execute:

foreman-rake db:migrate
foreman-rake db:seed

PostgreSQL

Edit your config/database.yml and modify:

production:
  adapter: postgresql
  database: foreman
  username: foreman
  password: password
  host: localhost

Switching from SQLite to MySQL/PostgreSQL while maintaining existing data

We have a rake task for this. First setup your database.yml to have the sqlite db as production and the mysql/psql db as dev:

production:
  adapter: sqlite3
  database: db/production.sqlite3
  pool: 5
  timeout: 5000

development:
  adapter: postgresql
  database: foreman
  username: foreman
  password: password
  host: localhost

Now migrate both dbs so they’re consistent:

bundle exec rake db:migrate RAILS_ENV=production
bundle exec rake db:migrate RAILS_ENV=development

Now move the data to the new db

bundle exec rake db:convert:prod2dev

(On RPM distros, remove “bundle exec” from the start of these commands.)

Once you’ve migrated to your new database using prod2dev, you should update your database.yml file to point your ‘production’ environment at the new database. You should also update the ‘development’ environment to point to an alternative location (for example, at SQLite) to ensure you don’t accidentally overwrite your production database.

Special notes for migrating to Postgres

Firstly, the default installer setup doesn’t give superuser privileges to the ‘foreman’ user, which then prevents the prod2dev script from temporarily disabling foreign keys. You’ll need to do

sudo -u postgres psql -c 'ALTER USER foreman WITH SUPERUSER'

before the prod2dev call, and

sudo -u postgres psql -c 'ALTER USER foreman WITH NOSUPERUSER'

after it.

Secondly, the psql sequence numbers will be wrong after the prod2dev execution. You can fix them like this:

cat <<EOF > reset.sql
SELECT  'SELECT SETVAL(' ||quote_literal(S.relname)|| ', MAX(' ||quote_ident(C.attname)|| ') ) FROM ' ||quote_ident(T.relname)|| ';'
FROM pg_class AS S, pg_depend AS D, pg_class AS T, pg_attribute AS C
WHERE S.relkind = 'S'
    AND S.oid = D.objid
    AND D.refobjid = T.oid
    AND D.refobjid = C.attrelid
    AND D.refobjsubid = C.attnum
ORDER BY S.relname;
EOF
psql -Atq -f reset.sql -o temp foreman
psql -f temp foreman
rm temp reset.sql

(big thanks to Fixing Sequences for the fix)

3.5.4 Puppet Reports

Foreman uses a custom puppet reports address (similar to tagmail or store) which Puppet will use to upload its report into Foreman. This enables you to see the reports through the web interface as soon as the client finishes its run.

Configuration

Client

Ensure that the puppet clients has the following option in their puppet.conf:

report = true

Without it, no reports will be sent.

Puppet master

First identify the directory containing report processors, e.g.

• EL6 (e.g. RHEL, CentOS): /usr/lib/ruby/site_ruby/1.8/puppet/reports/
• EL7 or Fedora: /usr/share/ruby/vendor_ruby/puppet/reports/
• Debian or Ubuntu: /usr/lib/ruby/vendor_ruby/puppet/reports/
• other OSes, look for tagmail.rb in the Puppet installation (locate tagmail.rb)

Copy the report processor source to this report directory and name it foreman.rb.

Create a new configuration file at /etc/puppet/foreman.yaml containing:

---
# Update for your Foreman and Puppet master hostname(s)
:url: "https://foreman.example.com"
:ssl_ca: "/var/lib/puppet/ssl/certs/ca.pem"
:ssl_cert: "/var/lib/puppet/ssl/certs/puppet.example.com.pem"
:ssl_key: "/var/lib/puppet/ssl/private_keys/puppet.example.com.pem"

# Advanced settings
:puppetdir: "/var/lib/puppet"
:puppetuser: "puppet"
:facts: true
:timeout: 10
:threads: null

Edit the URL field to point to your Foreman instance, and the SSL fields for the hostname of the Puppet master (which may be the same host.)

Lastly add this report processor to your Puppet master configuration. In your master puppet.conf under the [main] section add:

reports=log, foreman

and restart your Puppet master.

You should start seeing reports coming in under the reports link.

Debugging reports

If reports aren’t showing up in Foreman when an agent is run, there can be a number of reasons. First check through the above configuration steps, and then look at these places to narrow down the cause:

1. Puppet master logs may show an issue either loading or executing the report processor. Check syslog (/var/log/messages or syslog) for puppet-master messages.
2. /var/log/foreman/production.log should show a POST "/api/reports" request each time a report is received, and will end in Completed 201 Created when successful. Check for errors within the block of log messages.
3. When viewing reports in Foreman’s UI, be aware that the default search is for “eventful” reports. Clear the search (‘x’) to see reports with no changes.

Expire reports automatically

You will probably want to delete your reports after some time to limit database growth. To do so, you can set a cronjob:

Available conditions:

• days => number of days to keep reports (defaults to 7)
• status => status of the report (defaults to 0 –> “reports with no errors”)

Example:

1. Expires all reports regardless of their status

   foreman-rake reports:expire days=7

2. Expires all non interesting reports after one day

   foreman-rake reports:expire days=1 status=0

3.5.5 Facts and the ENC

Foreman can act as a classifier to Puppet through the External Nodes interface. This is a mechanism provided by Puppet to ask for configuration data from an external service, via a script on the puppetmaster.

The external nodes script we supply also deals with uploading facts from hosts to Foreman, so we will discuss the two things together.

Configuration

Puppet master

Download the ENC script to to /etc/puppet/node.rb (the name is arbitrary, but must match configuration below) and ensure it’s executable by “puppet” with chmod +x /etc/puppet/node.rb.

Unless it already exists from setting up reporting, create a new configuration file at /etc/puppet/foreman.yaml containing:

---
# Update for your Foreman and Puppet master hostname(s)
:url: "https://foreman.example.com"
:ssl_ca: "/var/lib/puppet/ssl/certs/ca.pem"
:ssl_cert: "/var/lib/puppet/ssl/certs/puppet.example.com.pem"
:ssl_key: "/var/lib/puppet/ssl/private_keys/puppet.example.com.pem"

# Advanced settings
:puppetdir: "/var/lib/puppet"
:puppetuser: "puppet"
:facts: true
:timeout: 10
:threads: null

Edit the URL field to point to your Foreman instance, and the SSL fields for the hostname of the Puppet master (which may be the same host). More information on SSL certificates is at Securing communications with SSL.

Add the following lines to the [master] section of puppet.conf:

[master]
  external_nodes = /etc/puppet/node.rb
  node_terminus  = exec

Restart the Puppet master. When the next agent checks in, the script will upload fact data for this host to Foreman, and download the ENC data.

The --no-environment option can be optionally specified to stop the ENC from being authoritative about the agent’s Puppet environment. This can be useful in development setups where the agent may be run against different environments.

Client

No agent configuration is necessary to use this functionality.

Testing the config

Make sure that the puppet user can execute the ENC script and it works:

sudo -u puppet /etc/puppet/node.rb [the name of a node, eg agent.local]

should output something like:

parameters:
  puppetmaster: puppet
  foreman_env: &id001 production
classes:
  helloworld:
environment: *id001

This output should match the information displayed when you click on the YAML button on the Host page in Foreman.

For further information see the Puppet Labs docs on external nodes

Debugging the ENC

1. If Puppet agents receive empty catalogs, check the puppet.conf master configuration has the ENC script configured. Also check the output of the ENC for the hostname logged by Puppet (which may be different) to see if Foreman is reporting the correct configuration.
2. If the hostname.yaml facts file is missing, this is typically a Puppet misconfiguration. Check /etc/puppet/rack/config.ru has been updated if Puppet has been upgraded.
3. Failures to upload facts or download the ENC data may be a network issue (check the URL and SSL settings) or an error on the Foreman server. Check /var/log/foreman/production.log for two requests, POST "/api/hosts/facts" and GET "/node/client.example.com?format=yml" and for any errors within the block of log messages.

Assigning data to hosts through the ENC

Foreman passes all assoicated parameters, classes,and class parameters, to the Host, including those inherited from host groups, domains, or global settings. See section Managing Puppet for more information on assigning configuration to hosts.

Creating hosts in Foreman with facts

By default, Foreman adds hosts to its database that it learns about through facts, provided the “create_new_host_when_facts_are_uploaded” setting is enabled.

If locations or organizations are enabled, these can be inferred from the “foreman_location” or “foreman_organization” facts as supplied by the host. The names of these facts can be changed with the “location_fact” and “organization_fact” settings respectively. Foreman will update hosts on each fact upload based on the value of these facts.

If these facts aren’t supplied, then the “default_location” and “default_organization” settings can be used to set values globally when a host doesn’t have a location or an organization set.

More information in the Configuration section.

Pushing facts to Foreman when not using the ENC functionality

There are several options for pushing fact data to Foreman if you are using Foreman for reporting/inventory only.

Using node.rb

The ENC script (node.rb) accepts an option to run in ‘batch-mode’. In this mode, the script iterates over the cached fact data stored on the puppet master, and uploads all of it to Foreman.

Download and configure the node.rb script as above, and then call it like this:

sudo -u puppet /etc/puppet/node.rb --push-facts

The following options are available for node.rb’s batch mode:

• --push-facts uploads all facts sequentially which have changed since the last run.
• --push-facts-parallel uploads all facts in parallel which have changed since the last run. The number of threads is specified by the :threads setting or the number of processors.
• --watch-facts runs in the foreground and upload facts based on inotify events, used in conjunction with either –push-facts option.

Direct HTTP upload

As of Foreman 1.3, the fact-upload API endpoint accepts data in pure JSON. You can push data to Foreman as a hash containing:

{
  "name": "fqdn-of-host.domain.com",
  "certname": "optional-certname-of-host.domain.com",
  "facts": {
    "fact1": "string",
    "fact2": "true",
    "fact3": "1.2.3.4",
    ...
  }
}

The ‘certname’ is optional but will be used to location the Host in Foreman if supplied. The ‘facts’ hash must be a flat hash, not nested with other arrays or hashes. See link-to-API-when-its-updated-here for more details.

This body can be POSTed to ‘/api/hosts/facts’ using Foreman API v2. See the node.rb template for an example of constructing and sending data in Ruby.

3.5.6 CLI

The Command Line Interface is based on the hammer framework. The foreman-related commands are defined in plugin hammer_cli_foreman

Format and locations

Configuration is loaded from a set of directories in this order:

• ./config/hammer/ (config dir in CWD)
• /etc/hammer/.
• ~/.hammer/
• custom location specified on command line - -c CONF_FILE_PATH

In each of these directories hammer tries to load cli_config.yml and anything in the cli.modules.d subdirectory which is the recommended location for configuration of hammer modules.

Later directories and files have precedence if they redefine the same option. Files from cli.modules.d are loaded in alphabetical order.

Hammer uses yaml formatting for its configuration. The config file template is contained in the hammer_cli gem.

gem contents hammer_cli|grep cli_config.template.yml

and can be copied to one of the locations above and changed as needed. The packaged version of hammer copies the template to /etc for you.

Plugins

Plugins are disabled by default. You have to edit the config file and enable them manually under modules option, as can be seen in the sample config below.

Plugin specific configuration should be nested under plugin’s name.

Options

• :log_dir: <path> - directory where the logs are stored. The default is /var/log/hammer/ and the log file is named hammer.log
• :log_level: <level> - logging level. One of debug, info, warning, error, fatal
• :log_owner: <owner> - logfile owner
• :log_group: <group> - logfile group
• :log_size: 1048576 - size in bytes, when exceeded the log rotates. Default is 1MB
• :watch_plain: false - turn on/off syntax highlighting of data being logged in debug mode

Sample config

:modules:
    - hammer_cli_foreman

:foreman:
    :host: 'https://localhost/'
    :username: 'admin'
    :password: 'changeme'

:log_dir: '/var/log/foreman/'
:log_level: 'debug'

3.6 Upgrade

Upgrading to Foreman 1.9

Preparation

Before updating to 1.9, make sure you have successfully upgraded to 1.8 first.

Upgrading across more than one version is not supported, so it’s required to upgrade to each intermediate version and follow all upgrade instructions for the previous versions.

Please note the following known issues:

• Hosts may lose their partition table association on upgrade, affecting rebuilds. Edit and re-save the host to fix it (#11443).

Step 1 - Backup

It is recommended that you backup your database and modifications to Foreman files(config/settings.yaml, unattended installations etc). Most upgrades are safe but it never hurts to have a backup just in case.

For more information about how to backup your instance head over to Backup

Step 2 - Perform the upgrade

Before proceeding, it is necessary to shutdown the Foreman instance (e.g. service httpd stop or service apache2 stop usually).

Now it’s time to perform the actual upgrade. This process if different depending on how you downloaded Foreman. You only need to perform one of the following options.

Step 2 (A) - Fedora or RHEL package (RPM) and installer setups

To upgrade an existing Foreman installation, first update with the appropriate foreman-release package for your operating system:

yum upgrade http://yum.theforeman.org/releases/1.9/el6/x86_64/foreman-release.rpm
yum upgrade http://yum.theforeman.org/releases/1.9/el7/x86_64/foreman-release.rpm
yum upgrade http://yum.theforeman.org/releases/1.9/f19/x86_64/foreman-release.rpm

Clean up the yum cache:

yum clean all

Next upgrade all Foreman packages:

yum upgrade ruby\* foreman\*

In order to catch all configuration changes and manage them properly you should install and run rpmconf from the EPEL repository along with vim-enhanced (for vimdiff):

rpmconf -a --frontend=vimdiff

You can skip to Step 3.

Step 2 (B) - Debian or Ubuntu package (deb) and installer setups

Upgrading from the last release to 1.9 has been tested on both Debian and Ubuntu. Updating the packages will upgrade the application and automatically migrate the database.

First edit /etc/apt/sources.list.d/foreman.list and change the release number from the previous release or “stable” to 1.9:

deb http://deb.theforeman.org/ wheezy 1.9
deb http://deb.theforeman.org/ plugins 1.9

Ubuntu 12.04 (Precise) users must ensure the Brightbox Ruby NG PPA is configured and that the default Ruby version is 1.8:

add-apt-repository ppa:brightbox/ruby-ng
update-alternatives --set ruby /usr/bin/ruby1.8
update-alternatives --set gem /usr/bin/gem1.8

Next upgrade all Foreman packages:

apt-get update
apt-get --only-upgrade install ruby\* foreman\*

You can skip to Step 3.

Step 2 (C) - Downloaded release (tar.bz2)

• Uncompress the new program archive in a new directory.
• Copy your database settings-file config/database.yml into the new config directory.
• If your database is a simple file (e.g. SQLite), don’t forget to make it available in the new directory.

VERY IMPORTANT: do NOT overwrite config/settings.yml with the old one.

Step 2 (D) - git checkouts

Please note now that the development branch has moved to Rails 3, you MUST take care to select a branch and make sure you get the correct one.

1. Go to the Foreman root directory and run the following command:

For staying on the stable branch:

• git checkout 1.9-stable
• git pull

The following step is the one that could change the contents of your database. Go to your new Foreman directory (or the git dir), then migrate and update the contents of your database:

foreman-rake db:migrate
foreman-rake db:seed

You should compile i18n strings and precompile assets now:

foreman-rake locale:pack
foreman-rake assets:precompile

Step 3 - Post-upgrade steps

Step 3 (A) - Database migration and cleanup

The database should be migrated already, but you can make sure by executing the migration script again, it should produce no errors or output:

foreman-rake db:migrate
foreman-rake db:seed

You should clear the cache and the existing sessions:

foreman-rake tmp:cache:clear
foreman-rake tmp:sessions:clear

Step 3 (B) - Ubuntu 12.04 users, change Ruby version

The configuration on Ubuntu 12.04 is now that the system-wide, default Ruby version remains on 1.8 (with the update-alternatives commands earlier), but that the Foreman app under Apache is changed to run under 1.9.

Edit both /etc/apache2/sites-available/05-foreman.conf and /etc/apache2/sites-available/05-foreman-ssl.conf and anywhere inside the <VirtualHost> block, add:

PassengerRuby /usr/bin/ruby1.9.1

Lastly, install the necessary Passenger package for Ruby 1.9:

apt-get install passenger-common1.9.1

Optional Step 3 (C) - Run foreman-installer

If you used foreman-installer to set up your existing Foreman instance we recommend running it again after upgrading. Note that the installer can modify config files so this may overwrite your custom changes. You can run the installer in noop mode so you can see what would be changed.

To see what would happen

foreman-installer --noop --dont-save-answers --verbose

You may see ERRORS such as /Stage[main]/Foreman_proxy::Register/Foreman_smartproxy[foreman-hostname.domain]: Could not evaluate: Connection refused - connect(2) due to httpd / apache2 service being stopped. These can be safely ignored.

To apply these changes, run the installer again without options

foreman-installer

Step 4 - Restart

Restart the application server (e.g. mongrel, thin, passenger).

On RPM installations, run:

service httpd restart

And on Debian/Ubuntu installations with Passenger, run:

service apache2 restart

Common issues

See Troubleshooting

4. General Foreman

This section covers general information on using Foreman to manage your infrastructure. It covers the features of the web interface, managing puppet, provisioning systems and the installation and configuration of Foreman Smart Proxies.

4.1 Web Interface

4.1.1 LDAP Authentication

Foreman natively supports LDAP authentication using one or multiple LDAP directories.

Setting up

Go to Administer > LDAP Authentication, click on New LDAP Source and enter the following details about the LDAP server:

• Name: an arbitrary name for the directory
• Server: the LDAP hostname, e.g. ldap.example.com
• LDAPS: check this if you want or need to use LDAPS to access the directory
• Port: the LDAP port (default is 389, or 636 for LDAPS)
• Server type: select the implementation if listed, else choose POSIX

Under the account tab, the details of an account used to read LDAP entries is required if anonymous binds and reads are disabled. This should be a dedicated service account with bind, read and search permissions on the user and group entries in the directory server.

This may use the variable $login which will be replaced by the login of the authenticating user, however this is deprecated and will result in reduced functionality (as it only works at authentication time).

• Account: leave this field empty if your LDAP server can be read anonymously, otherwise enter a user name that has read access
• Account password: password for the account, if defined above and when not using $login
• Base DN: the top level DN of your LDAP directory tree, e.g. dc=example,dc=com
• Group base DN: the top level DN of your LDAP directory tree that contains groups, e.g. ou=Groups,dc=example,dc=com
• LDAP filter (optional): a filter to restrict your LDAP queries, for instance: (memberOf=cn=foreman-users,ou=Groups,dc=example,dc=com). Multiple filters can be combined using the syntax (& (filter1) (filter2)).

Trusting SSL certificates

When configuring an LDAPS connection, the certificate authority needs to be trusted. When using Active Directory Certificate Services, ensure to export the Enterprise PKI CA Certificate using the Base-64 encoded X.509 format.

If your LDAP server uses a certificate chain with intermediate CAs, all of the root and intermediate certificates in the chain must be trusted.

On Red Hat based OSes:

cp example.crt /etc/pki/tls/certs/
ln -s example.crt /etc/pki/tls/certs/$(openssl x509 -noout -hash -in /etc/pki/tls/certs/example.crt).0

On Debian or Ubuntu, also ensure the file has a .crt extension:

cp example.crt /usr/local/share/ca-certificates/
update-ca-certificates

On the fly user creation

By checking Automatically create accounts in Foreman, any LDAP user will have their Foreman account automatically created the first time they log into Foreman.

To use this feature, the relevant LDAP attributes must be specified on the next tab (e.g. firstname, lastname, email), as these will be used to populate the Foreman account.

Attribute mappings

Foreman needs to know how to map internal user account attributes to their LDAP counterparts, such as login, name, and e-mail. Examples for common directory servers are provided below.

Note that LDAP attribute names are case sensitive.

Foreman also has the ability to use a user’s photo stored in LDAP as their Foreman avatar, by setting the jpegPhoto attribute mapping.

Additional Information:

• Adding Display Pictures/Avatars to Red Hat IDM/FreeIPA
• Using the jpegPhoto attribute in Active Directory

Examples

All of the examples below use a dedicated service account called ‘foreman’. This should be set up with bind, read and search permissions on the user and group entries and with a strong, random password.

Active Directory

Typically either LDAPS on port 636 or LDAP on port 389.

FreeIPA

Typically either LDAPS on port 636 or LDAP on port 389.

OpenLDAP

Typically LDAP on port 389 and with anonymous queries (leave Account blank), unless configured otherwise.

Linking user groups to LDAP

A Foreman user group can be associated to a group stored in an LDAP server, so membership of the LDAP group automatically adds a user to the Foreman user group. User groups can be associated with roles, enabling users to log into Foreman and be automatically granted permissions via their membership of an LDAP group. Read more about permissions in the Roles and Permissions section.

To configure the association, create or edit a user group via Administer > User groups. The group name may be any value (no direct relation to the LDAP group). Under the Roles tab, select roles granting permissions to Foreman, or tick the Admin checkbox to enable administrator level access.

On the External groups tab, click the Add external user group button to open a new form. In the Name field, enter the exact name of the LDAP group (usually the common name/CN) and select the server from the dropdown list of LDAP authentication sources. Click the Submit button to save changes.

When a user logs in for the first time (assuming on the fly account creation), the ldap:refresh_usergroups cronjob runs (every 30 minutes by default) or the Refresh button is pressed next to the external user group entry, Foreman will synchronize the group membership from LDAP.

Security Disclaimer

Please remember your external user groups will only be refreshed automatically through the ldap:refresh_usergroups cronjob. There can be a lapse of time cronjob runs, in which if the user groups in LDAP change, the user will be assigned to the wrong external user groups. This situation can be quickly fixed by manually running foreman-rake ldap:refresh_usergroups or by refreshing the external user groups in the UI. Otherwise, the problem will eventually get fixed when the cronjob runs again.

Active Directory password changes

When using Active Directory, please be aware that users will be able to log in for up to an hour after a password change using the old password. This is a function of the AD domain controller and not Foreman.

To change this password expiry period, see Microsoft KB906305 for the necessary registry change.

Troubleshooting

If you want to use on the fly user creation, make sure that Foreman can fetch from your LDAP all the required information to create a valid user. For example, on-the-fly user creation won’t work if you don’t have valid email addresses in your directory (you will get an ‘Invalid username/password’ error message when trying to log in).

4.1.2 Roles and Permissions

A user’s access to the features of Foreman are constrained by the permissions that they are granted. These permissions are also used to restrict the set of hosts, host groups and other resources that a user is able to access and modify.

Note: a user with global admin enabled is not restricted by the authorization system. This is the default for installations that do not have :login:true in config/settings.yml.

A logged in user will be granted the Anonymous role plus one or more additional roles. The permissions and filters associated with these roles are aggregated and determine the final permission set.

Roles may be administered by users with admin privileges or regular users with ‘edit_roles’ permission. In order to add new filters and permissions to a role, regular users must have the ‘create_filters’ permission.

Roles

These may be created, deleted and edited on the Roles page. Each role will contain permission filters, which define the actions allowed in a certain resource. Once your role is created, you can associate it with one or more users and user groups.

There are two builtin system roles

1. Anonymous: This is a set of permissions that every user at your installation will be granted, irrespective of any other roles that they have.

2. Default user: When a new Role is created this set of permissions are used as the template for the Role. The name is somewhat misleading but basically an ordinary default user who was assigned this Role would have these permissions set.

Filters

Filters are defined within the context of a role, clicking on the ‘filters and permissions’ link. A filter allows an user to choose a resource (Hosts, Host groups, etc…) and the permissions that should be granted for that resource. After a filter has been created, users given a role containing this filter will have the permissions for the resource specified at the filter.

If the filter is marked as ‘Unlimited?’, the permissions created in this filter will apply to all objects in the chosen resource. For instance, if the resource is Host, and the permissions are ‘view’ and ‘index’, and ‘Unlimited?’ is checked, users that have a role with this filter will be able to ‘view’ and ‘index’ all hosts in the system.

When ‘Unlimited?’ is unchecked, a text box allowing to define more granular filtering will be enabled. You can write a search query and permissions in this filter will be applied to the results of that query only. An example of a query for the resource Host could be ‘os = RedHat’. In this case, the permissions in this filter will be applied only to Hosts whose Operating System is set to Red Hat. You can test your search queries at the index page of your resource, in this case that would be ‘/hosts’.

Some example queries for the resource Host:

1. Ownership and domain membership: ‘owner_id = 95 and domain = localdomain’ - Will apply permissions to hosts owned by User with id 95 and in the domain ‘localdomain’

2. Compute resource membership: ‘compute_resource = Openstack’ - Will apply permissions to hosts deployed on compute resource Openstack.

3. Fact filtering: ‘facts.alarmlevel = high’ - Will apply permissions to hosts with a fact ‘alarmlevel’ with value ‘high’. As a fact is only generated during a puppet run, this filter will only refer to machines that have been built and therefore cannot be used to restrict the creation of machines.

These pools of queries can be combined by adding them together or the filters can be used to restrict the selected resource to a smaller and smaller subset of the total. Think of them as set operations.

Note: If the “Administrator” check box is checked for a user, filtering will not take effect.

Permissions

These determine the operations that are allowed to be performed upon the resources to which they refer. For a few simple items like bookmarks, this operates as expected - it grants permission for all bookmarks. But for most resources, such as the hosts a user is able to operate on, there is an additional layer of security called filtering.

When editing a filter there is a search field at the bottom that narrows the scope of the permissions granted to a subset of the resource objects. Most permission types support this search field however there are some exceptions. The permission for creating objects can’t be limited by a search query because the object does not exist during creation. Therefore a user is granted the create permission if they are associated with any filter containing this permission (limited by search or not).

Following table lists some of permissions and their impact:

4.1.3 Trends

Trends in Foreman allow you to track changes in your infrastructure over time. It allows you to track both Foreman related information and any puppet facts. The Trend pages give a graph of how the number of hosts with that value have changed over time, and the current hosts list.

There are two pieces to the Trends area, the Trends to track and their corresponding counters. To define trend counters, use the “Add Trend Counter” button on the ‘/trends’ page. Optionally set the “Name” field to over-ride odd puppet fact names to be more readable. Once created you can optionally ‘Edit’ the Trend to change the display names of the underlying values.

Next, to start collecting trend data, set a cron job to execute ‘foreman-rake trends:counter’. Each time the rake task executes it will create 1 tick on the graphs, so you can fine tune the granularity with your cron job. We recommend using the same as your puppet run interval (30 minutes). Here’s an example to run once per hour:

0 * * * * /usr/sbin/foreman-rake trends:counter

Finally note that these trends are the same for all users. So if you delete a Trend category you will loose all history for that trend and the trackers will start all over again. So please be careful when deleting.

4.1.4 Auditing

Foreman supports auditing of almost all changes that happen within Foreman, from both the UI and from the API. Auditing is done at a user level, and is thus ineffective if :login: is set to false, as all audits will be done as the ‘admin’ user.

Basic View

Go to the Audit tab to see a view of what has changed. This view can be filtered by the type of change or by the object that was altered (e.g. search for a hostname to see all changes relating to that host). You also get the parent object - so if a parameter was modified, you can see what host/group that parameter belongs to. The timestamp of the change and the user who performed it will be listed.

Extended Audits for Templates

Template changes also store a diff of the changes, and the ability to roll back to a previous version of the template.

4.1.5 Searching

Each page in Foreman has its own search functionality, which is centred around the resources that it manages, allowing searching based on attributes of the resources in the list or resources that they’re associated to. The search box also features powerful auto-completion to help build up search queries and free text search on many pages. The search functionality can also be used in the API when listing resources, see Customize JSON Responses for details.

General usage

Searching is through “field = value” or free text queries, which can be combined with logical operators (and, or, not) and parentheses to handle more complex logic. To give some examples:

• name = client.example.com on the host list would show the host(s) whose hostname is client.example.com
• hostgroup = "Web servers" and domain != lon.example.com would show hosts in the Web servers host group, but not in the lon.example.com domain
• Web servers would show all hosts with that text anywhere, e.g. as their host group name or in the comment field

The fields available depend on the type of resource that’s being searched, and the names of the attributes vary depending on the context. The “name” field on the host groups list is equivalent to the “hostgroup” field on the hosts list. Requests to add additional searchable fields are welcome, and may be filed in the “Search” category in the bug tracker.

The search engine is provided by the scoped_search library, which maps search queries directly to SQL queries. The Query Language documentation provides A more complete specification of the syntax available.

Bookmarks

Foreman supports the ability to make search bookmarks, allows users to quickly jump to predefined search conditions. Available bookmarks can be selected from the dropdown menu to the right of the search box, or managed from Administer > Bookmarks.

Some of the bookmarks are provided by default, e.g. to search for active or inactive hosts, or to only view reports with events.

To save a query, Use the dropdown menu to the right of the search box and click “Bookmark this search”. When saving, the bookmark can be labeled as public, so all other users are able to see and use it too.

Free text search

If you ignore the auto-completer and just enter text in the search field, Foreman will try searching for that text across multiple fields.

For example, if you just enter 12 in the hosts search box, the results will include all hosts with 12 in their IP address, MAC address or name. In general the fields used for free text search are kept to a minimum for performance and accuracy reasons. It’s preferable to search using a specific field, e.g. when searching for an IP address, use ip ~ 12 instead of 12.

Searching for present/empty values

The “has” operator matches values that are present, e.g. to search for hosts that are on a compute resource, use has compute_resource.

Similarly, this can be negated, so to search for hosts without host groups, you can use not has hostgroup.

Case sensitivity

When querying using = and != operators then exact, case sensitive matches will be returned. When running ~ (like) and !~ (unlike) operators, the matching is case insensitive.

Quoting

In search queries, white spaces are used as a delimiter. Here are some examples of the way a query will be interpreted:

• description ~ "created successfully": list all notifications that contain “created successfully”
• description ~ created successfully: list all notifications that contain “created” and at least one of its text fields contains “successfully”
• description !~ created successfully: list all notifications that doesn’t contain “created” and at least one of its text fields contains “successfully”

In the second and third example, “successfully” is an additional term that is interpreted as a free text search

Wildcards (‘_’, ‘%’, ‘*’)

The ~ and !~ search operators are translated to the LIKE and NOT LIKE SQL queries respectively, which support two basic wildcards, _ and %.

_ is a wildcard for a single character replacement. For example, the search name ~ fo_ will match both “foo” and “for”.

The % and * wildcard will replace zero or more characters. For example, the search name ~ corp% will match both “corp” and “corporation”. The more common ‘*’ wildcard is not a SQL wildcard but may be used instead.

When the ~ or !~ search is processed, a ‘%’ wildcard is automatically added at the beginning and end of the value if no wildcard is used, so it will by default match at any location inside a string. For example, the search name ~ foo is equivalent to name ~ %foo% and the search name ~ foo% will only match “foo” at the beginning of the value.

Date-time search query syntax

Many date and time formats are accepted in search queries. Here are some examples:

• “30 minutes ago”, “1 hour ago”, “2 hours ago”, Today, Yesterday
• “3 weeks ago”, “1 month ago”, “6 days ago”, “July 10,2011”

The date can have different separators, “10-July-2011” will be interpreted in the same way as “10/July/2010” or “10 July 2011” Month names may be the full English name or a three letter abbreviation, e.g. “Jan” will be interpreted as “January”. Many other formats are also acceptable, however it is not recommended to use ambiguous formats such as “3/4/2011”

The valid date time operators are ‘=’, ‘<’ and ‘>’ which are interpreted as ‘at’, ‘before’ and ‘after’ respectively. This is how the search term interpeted:

The right hand part of a date-time condition is parsed and translated into a specific date-time, “30 minutes ago” is translated to “now - 30 minutes”.

• last_report > "2011-07-01 12:57:18 EDT" should be read as created after this time
• In the same way, last_report > "30 minutes ago" should be read as “created after 30 minutes ago” and not “created more then 30 minutes ago”

A search query like installed_at = Yesterday is translated into a period query, it will be translated at runtime to match a range of date-times. For example, if running on Jan 1, it would be translated into “(installed_at >= Jan 1,2012 00:00) and (installed_at < Dec 31,2011 00:00)”.

4.2 Managing Puppet

In this section we’ll look at the various ways we can control and interact with Puppet.

4.2.1 Environments

Puppet environments are mapped directly into Foreman. They can be used at various levels throughout the Foreman interface. Puppet environments are generally used to separate classes from different types of Host, typically allowing changes to a module to tested in one environment (e.g. development) before being pushed to another (e.g production).

Defining environments

There are several ways to create Puppet environments within Foreman.

Importing from Puppet

Foreman can detect all the environments and classes contained on a Puppet master, and import them automatically. To do this, go to Configure > Environments and click on Import from <proxy-name>. Foreman will scan the Puppet master via the Smart Proxy, and display a confirmation of the detected changes. Select the changes you wish to apply and confirm.

More information about configuring the Smart Proxy to read environments and Puppet classes is in the Smart Proxy Puppet section.

Note that the Smart Proxy will only detect environments that contain one or more Puppet classes, so ensure that at least one Puppet module containing a class has been deployed to the Puppet master.

Manual creation

To create an environment by hand, simply go to Configure > Environments and click New Puppet Environment. Give the new environment a name and save. Note that if the environment doesn’t exist on the Puppet master and you subsequently run an import (above), Foreman will prompt for the environment to be deleted.

Assigning environments to hosts

This is done from the Host Edit page, on the Host tab. Selecting an environment will filter the classes visible on the Puppet Classes tab to just the classes in the selected environment.

You can also also mass-assign an environment to a group of hosts - tick the checkboxes of the required hosts in the Hosts list, and then select Change Environment from the Select Action dropdown menu at the top of the page.

Environments with host groups

You can assign an environment to a hostgroup as well. This functions as a form of default - a user creating a new host and selecting the hostgroup will automatically have the environment pre-selected. The user is not prevented from changing the environment of the new host, it simply saves a few clicks if they are happy with it.

4.2.2 Classes

Puppet classes are generally imported from the Puppet Master(s) via the Import button on the Puppet Classes page. They can also be created by hand, and manually associated with a set of environments (for filtering purposes).

Importing Classes

Go to Configure > Puppet Classes and click the Import button. This will not be visible unless you have at least one Puppet Master with a puppet-enabled Smart Proxy. Only classes from modules will be imported, and the Puppet manifests must be valid in order for the Smart Proxy to parse them. Use puppet parser validate to test the syntax of Puppet manifests.

More information about configuring the Smart Proxy to read environments and Puppet classes is in the Smart Proxy Puppet section.

The “Hosts” Column

Under Configure > Puppet Classes you will also see a column called “Hosts”. This column represents the number of hosts the given module/class has been assigned to. Clicking this figure will list the hosts.

Ignoring classes on import

It’s often to have a module structure like this:

$ tree git/
git/
└── manifests
    ├── init.pp
    ├── install.pp
    ├── params.pp
    └── repo.pp

In this situation, Foreman would offer to create:

git
git::install
git::params
git::repo

However, if we know that the subclasses are not intended for direct consumption, but are only really part of the internal structure of the module, then we would want to exclude those from the import mechanism, so that Foreman only offers to import git. We can achieve this via the file /usr/share/foreman/config/ignored_environments.yml. This file takes a set of regular expressions - any class which matches one of them will not be imported. So, for this example, we might configure:

:filters:
  - !ruby/regexp '/install$/'
  - !ruby/regexp '/params$/'
  - !ruby/regexp '/repo$/'

Assigning classes to hosts

To cause Puppet to apply your classes, you will need to assign them to your hosts. This can be achieved in a number of ways - the best method may vary depending on how many classes you intend to assign and whether any parameters need to be overridden.

Individual host assignment

When editing a host, Puppet classes may be assigned directly under the Puppet Classes tab. All classes that are in the Puppet environment selected on the first Host tab will be listed.

Via a host group

Host groups tend to correspond to an infrastructure role as each host may be assigned to a single host group, and typically inherits most of its Puppet classes in this way.

Puppet classes can be assigned by editing the host group and selecting them on the Puppet Classes tab.

Most host group attributes are copied to a host when it is created, however Puppet class associations remain inherited from the host group throughout its lifetime. Any change to a host group’s assigned Puppet classes or parameters will affect any host with that host group set.

The Puppet environment attribute may be different on the host to the host group, which means that Puppet classes assigned to the host group may not exist in the host’s own Puppet environment. Any Puppet classes that are inherited from the host group, but do not exist in the host’s environment will be left out when Foreman renders the ENC (YAML) output. Check under Configure > Puppet classes that the classes are available in both the host group and host environments if they differ.

You can also also mass-assign a host group to a number of hosts - tick the checkboxes of the required hosts in the Hosts list, and then select Change Group from the Select Action dropdown menu at the top of the page.

Using config groups

A config group provides a one-step method of associating many Puppet classes to either a host or host group. Typically this would be used to add a particular application profile or stack in one step.

To create a config group, click on Configure > Config groups, click New Config Group, enter a name and select the desired Puppet classes. When editing either a host or host group, the new config group can be added at the top of the Puppet classes tab.

Config groups are not specific to an environment and so only those Puppet classes that are in the host’s environment when rendering the ENC (YAML) will be listed. Any classes that are not listed in the environment (as per Configure > Puppet classes) will be left out.

Note that it isn’t possible to use a smart class parameter override with a config group, as a host may have many config groups with no way to define an order of precedence. Overrides should be made on a host group, host or other attribute.

Checking the results

To see how Foreman is passing the classes to Puppet, go to a Host and click the YAML button. You will be shown the exact YAML data sent to the Puppet master - the classes will be in the “classes” hash.

4.2.3 Parameters

Foreman can pass two types of parameters to Puppet via the ENC (External Node Classifier) interface - global parameters (accessible from any manifest), and class parameters (scoped to a single Puppet class). These can be added in a number of ways through Foreman.

Generally speaking, it’s best to use class parameters where possible, as this makes designing, using and sharing Puppet modules and classes easier. The class may clearly specify which parameters it expects, provide sensible defaults and allow users to override them. Foreman is also able to import information about class parameters automatically, making it easier to consume new classes without needing to know and enter the precise names of global parameters.

Types of parameters in Puppet

In Puppet’s DSL, accessing a global parameter or variable is done using $::example (preferred) or $example for a parameter named “example” in Foreman. More information about accessing variables is available in the Puppet Language: Variables documentation. When looking at the ENC (YAML) output from Foreman, a global parameter will look like this:

parameters:
  example: "foo bar"

When using class parameters, a class will first be defined with a parameter and may be accessed either using the local name or fully-qualified, e.g.

class example($setting) {
  notice($setting)
  notice($::example::setting)  # fully-qualified
}

When looking at the ENC (YAML) output from Foreman, a class and class parameter will look like this:

classes:
  example:
    setting: "foo bar"

Types of parameters in Foreman

Global parameters in Foreman can be added in the following places:

• Globally, per-resource (e.g. host group, domain) or per-host
• Smart variables

Class parameters in Foreman can be set in:

• Puppet classes, as a smart class parameter

Global parameters

Host inherit their list of global parameters from the following locations, in order of increasing precedence:

• Globally defined parameters, under Configure > Global parameters. These apply to every host.
• Organization-level parameters if organizations are enabled, under Administer > Organizations > edit > Parameters.
• Location-level parameters if locations are enabled, under Administer > Locations > edit > Parameters.
• Domain-level parameters, under Infrastructure > Domains > edit > Parameters.
• Operating system-level parameters, under Hosts > Operating systems > edit > Parameters.
• Host group-level parameters, under Configure > Host groups > edit > Parameters.
• Host parameters, under Hosts > All hosts > edit > Parameters.

The final (most specific) level of global parameters applies only to a single host. Edit a Host and switch to the Parameters, and you will see all of its inherited parameters from the previous levels. Note that they will all be marked as “Scope: Global” as this refers to the Puppet scope, not the Foreman scope. You can override any of these previously-defined parameters or define new ones here.

Checking the results

To see how Foreman is passing the parameters to Puppet, go to a Host and click the YAML button. You will be shown the exact YAML data sent to the Puppet master - the parameters will be in the “parameters” hash.

4.2.4 Smart Variables

Smart variables are a tool to provide global parameters (key/value data), normally to your Puppet ENC, depending on a set of rules. They are intended to be a stepping stone to full parameterized classes, when the class hasn’t been parameterized or in special cases when a global parameter is desired. The same matching/rules technology underpins both smart variables and smart class parameters. If in doubt, use smart class parameters.

Smart variables are associated with a Puppet class, but they result in a global parameter. They may have multiple possible values, all depending on hierarchical context or various conditions a user can wish to apply. For example:

Creating a smart variable

Start by going to Configure > Puppet classes and then click one of your classes to edit it.

Click on the Smart Variables tab. If you have any existing smart variables, they will be listed at the left side of the tab.

Click New Variable, and you will be presented with a set of input fields:

Once you’ve created the defaults for your smart variable, you can then add at least one criterion to match against - click the “plus” under your variable, and two more input fields will appear:

Advanced usage

Smart variables are based on the smart matchers technology, and have a number of advanced features such as validation and multiple data types. More about these can be found in the Smart Matchers section.

API usage

It’s also possible to retrieve these values if you’re not using a ENC, via a custom Puppet function or a http request.. You’ll need to retrieve the value from

https://foreman/api/v2/hosts/<fqdn>/lookup_keys/<key>

You can find a ready-made function for your puppet module here

4.2.5 Parameterized Classes

Parameterized class support permits detecting, importing, and supplying parameters direct to classes which support it, via the ENC. This requires Puppet 2.6.5 or higher.

Setup

By default, parameterized class support is enabled in Foreman. This can be checked from Administer > Settings > Puppet and ensure Parametrized_Classes_in_ENC is set to true.

Now you’ll need to import some parameterized classes from your Puppet master. If you don’t have any parameterized classes in your modules dir, the foreman-installer has several, you can download a few modules from the Puppet Forge. Once you have some parameterized modules, import your classes (see 4.2.2 Classes)

Configure a class

This example will work with the foreman class from the installer. Click on the class, and you should get a page with 3 tabs, like so:

The middle tab, “Smart Class Parameter”, is the important one. Click onto that, and you should see something like this:

On the left, we have a list of possible parameters that the class supports. On the right, we have the configuration options for the parameter selected.

Lets configure the foreman class to change the user the foreman processes run as. Select the user parameter, at the end of the list. Now lets go through the options:

• Puppet Environments / Name
  • These can’t be edited, they’re just for information.
• Description
  • Purely information textbox for making notes in. Not passed to Puppet, or reused anywhere else
• Override (important)
  • If this is unchecked, Foreman will not attempt to control this variable, and it will not be passed to Puppet via the ENC.
• Type
  • The type of data we want to pass. Most commonly a string, but many other data types are supported. There’s no easy way to tell what type of data Puppet is expecting, so you will need to read through the code/documentation that comes with a particular module to find out. Changing the type field requires an appropriately set “Default Value” field.
• Default Value
  • This will be imported from Puppet initially, but if Puppet is using any class inheritance, you’ll get something unhelpful like “${$foreman::params::user}”. This is because Foreman won’t follow the inheritance, so you’ll need to set a sensible default value

Ok, so let’s configure our user parameter. We want to tick Override, set type to “String” and set the default value to “foreman”, like so:

Setting up matchers

We’ve configured the default, but that’s not very useful. We need to be able to override the default for hosts or groups of hosts. To do that we need the “Override Value For Specific Hosts” section at the bottom of the page.

Let’s say that any machine in the “development” Puppet environment should use a value of “foremandev” instead of “foreman” for the “user” parameter. Add “environment” to the end of the matchers list, then click the “New Matcher-Value” button, and fill it out like this:

This is a basic configuration - for more complex examples of using matchers, see the Smart Matchers section.

Overriding a parameter for a host

If Foreman manages the value of a class parameter (“override = true”), it’s also possible to update a host-specific override from the host itself. That way you don’t have to grant access to the Puppet Classes page to everyone. From a Host, click Edit, go to the Parameters tab, and you’ll see the variable, the class-scope, and the current value. You can then override the value for that host:

If you go back and look at the Puppet class, you’ll see Foreman has added a matcher for that host:

The same override button is available on a host group’s Parameters tab. For more complex logic, like matching on facts, use the Puppet Class page.

Advanced usage

Smart class parameters are based on the smart matchers technology, and have a number of advanced features such as validation and multiple data types. More about these can be found in the Smart Matchers section.

4.2.6 Smart Matchers

The same smart matching technology underpins both smart variables and smart class parameters, so is described below. It provides the following features for each parameter:

1. A default value that can be sent if no specific match is found.
2. An order of precedence for overrides, based on host attributes or facts.
3. A list of overrides (matchers).
4. Specifying a data type, allowing strings, integers and data structures to be passed natively to Puppet.
5. Optional validation of values.
6. Template processing of values for dynamic content.

Default value

Most importantly, the Override option has to be enabled for Foreman to control this variable, otherwise it will never be managed and will not appear in the ENC output.

The Default value will be supplied in the ENC output and should be a supported value, such as a string, YAML or JSON structure or use template features (see following sections). When the Use Puppet default checkbox is enabled, no default value will be present in the ENC output unless an override matches. Puppet will instead use the class default or data binding (Hiera) as usual.

The default will be imported from the Puppet manifest initially, but if the class uses an inherited params pattern, it may contain an unhelpful string such as ${$foreman::params::user}. Foreman is unable to parse the actual value in this case as it might change when evaluated. Change the suggested default to the actual value, or tick the Use Puppet default checkbox.

Ordering

Overrides are processed in the order of precedence set in the Order field, from most to least specific (first match wins, unless merging is enabled). This is a list of host attributes and fact names that overrides will be checked against. If no override from this list matches, the default value is used.

Example attributes that may be listed are:

• fqdn - host’s FQDN (“host.example.com”)
• hostgroup - full name of the host group, including parents (“Europe/Web servers”)
• os - name and version of operating system (“RedHat 6.4”)
• domain - host’s domain name (“example.com”)
• location or organization - full name of the location/organization, including parents (“Company/Subsidiary”)
• is_virtual - a fact supplied by Facter

The default order is set under Adminster > Settings > Puppet > Default_variables_Lookup_Path and is “fqdn”, “hostgroup”, “os”, “domain”.

Note that there’s a name conflict between the “operatingsystem” fact and Foreman’s attribute “operatingsystem” (same as “os” above), and Foreman’s attribute will be the one that is used, so will include the version number.

Overrides / matchers

Once defaults have been filled in for your parameter, you can then add criteria to match against - click the Add Matcher-Value button under your parameter, and more input fields will appear:

As an example, let’s say that any machine in the “development” puppet environment should use a value of “foremandev” instead of “foreman” for the “user” parameter. Add “environment” to the end of the matchers list, then click the Add Matcher-Value button, and fill it out like this:

The match field currently supports string equality only, the values must match exactly.

Merging overrides

When the data type is a hash or array, ticking Merge overrides will cause values from every override that matches (e.g. an FQDN and domain) to be merged together.

Merging is “deep”, so nested hashes and arrays will gain values rather than being overwritten entirely.

When the data type is an array, the Avoid duplicates option will de-duplicate the resulting array.

Data types

The type of data we want to pass to Puppet can be set in the Parameter type field. Most commonly a string, but many other data types are supported:

• String - Everything is taken as a string.
• Boolean - Common representation of boolean values are accepted, including true, false, yes, no etc.
• Integer - Integer numbers only, can be negative.
• Real - Accept any numerical input.
• Array - A valid JSON or YAML input, that must evaluate to an array.
• Hash - A valid JSON or YAML input, that must evaluate to an object/map/dict/hash.
• YAML - Any valid YAML input.
• JSON - Any valid JSON input.

There’s no easy way to tell what type of data the Puppet manifest is expecting, so you will need to read through the code/documentation that comes with a particular module to find out. Changing the type field requires an appropriately set “Default Value” field.

Complex data

Here’s an example of adding an array parameter. Note the use of YAML in the edit box:

This will be converted to the JSON ["a","b"] syntax when you save. You can also use hashes in YAML or JSON as data types too.

Note that the JSON hash syntax is not the same as Puppet’s hash syntax: {"example":"value"}

Input validation

The Optional input validator section can be used to restrict the allowed values for the parameter. It is important to note that the validation applies to changes made from the Host edit page as well as the Puppet Classes edit page.

For example, to restrict the “user” field to either “foreman” or “foremandev”, tick the Required checkbox, and then set:

• Type: List
• Rule: foreman,foremandev

String validators

At present, the string type cannot be validated - leave the validator field blank, and all strings in the variable will be considered acceptable

Regexp / List validators

By entering a list (comma-separated, no spaces) or a regex (no delimiter required), the value to be assigned to the parameter will be checked against this list. If the value does not match the validator, and error will be raised.

Template variables

Because Foreman offers templating capabilities, you can utilise pre-existing variables, macros and or functions within your parameterized classes. This is especially useful if you need to send a string to Puppet/Chef, but have a need to embed host specific information within the string, such as the host’s FQDN.

Let’s look a quick example situation: we need to configure RabbitMQ and have it use our existing Puppet SSL certs. Using what we’ve learnt above, we jump into the RabbitMQ class and configure the “ssl cert” parameter as such:

As you can see we’re utilising a template variable within the parameter’s string just like we would in a normal template file. The important part of this string, as we’re sure you’ve gathered, is the “@host.name” element. This pulls the FQDN from Foreman’s facts and inserts it into the string.

More information regarding templates can be found on the wiki. This page also contains the pre-existing functions and macros you can use in your templates and parameter classes.

Examples

Example 1 - Simple change to a single host

All our hosts use server.foo for something, except bob.domain.com which uses server2.bar:

Example 2 - Change for a group of hosts (via custom fact) with validation and ordering

Most hosts need to use a port of 80 but all machines with a fact region and value europe need to use 8080. To do this, you have to add the factname (in this example region) to the searchlist:

Note that all machines will get either 80 or 8080 as required, except foo.domain which will generate an error, since 67 is not in the list validator. Note also that foo.domain will match before region, since it is higher in the searchlist. The rule ordering does not matter.

It is also possible to mix conditions, e.g.

4.3 Smart Proxies

The Smart Proxy is a project which provides a restful API to various sub-systems.

Its goal is to provide an API for a higher level orchestration tools (such as Foreman). The Smart proxy provides an easy way to add or extended existing subsystems and APIs using plugins.

Currently supported (Click on the links below for more details).

• DHCP - ISC DHCP and MS DHCP Servers
• DNS - Bind and MS DNS Servers
• Puppet - Any Puppet server from 0.24.x
• Puppet CA - Manage certificate signing, cleaning and autosign on a Puppet CA server
• Realm - Manage host registration to a realm (e.g. FreeIPA)
• TFTP - any UNIX based tftp server

If you require another sub system type or implementation, please add a new feature request or consider writing a plugin.

Once your smart proxy is running, each of the relevant sub systems needs to be configured via the settings.d/* files in the config directory.

4.3.1 Smart Proxy Installation

A smart proxy is an autonomous web-based foreman component that is placed on a host performing a specific function in the host commissioning phase. It receives requests from Foreman to perform operations that are required during the commissioning process and executes them on its behalf. More details can be found on the Foreman Architecture page.

To fully manage the commissioning process then a smart proxy will have to manipulate these services, DHCP, DNS, Puppet CA, Puppet and TFTP. These services may exist on separate machines or several of them may be hosted on the same machine. As each smart proxy instance is capable of managing all the of these services, there is only need for one proxy per host. In the special case of a smart proxy managing a windows DHCP server, the host machine must be running Windows and support the netsh dhcp utility, it does not need to be the Microsoft DHCP server itself.

Packages

RPM and Debian packages are available, see the Install from Packages section for configuration and install the foreman-proxy package.

Source code

You can get the latest stable code from GitHub (via git).

git clone git://github.com/theforeman/smart-proxy.git

Configuration file

Usually can be found at /etc/foreman-proxy/settings.yml or in the config/settings.yml subdirectory. You can use the settings.yml.example file inside the config directory as a template for your own settings.yml.

Configuration of each subsystem is usually in /etc/foreman-proxy/settings.d/ or in the config/settings.d/ subdirectory. If you don’t plan to use one of the subsystems, please disable them in these configuration files. For more information see Smartproxy Configuration.

Start the daemon

bin/smart-proxy

Or if you installed it via a package simply start the foreman-proxy service.

service foreman-proxy start

Add the Smart Proxy to Foreman

• Go to Foreman, under Infrastructure > Smart proxies, click New Proxy
• Type in the Name for your Proxy and the URL of your Proxy, with the port used

For example:

• Name: Puppet-Proxy
• URL: http://puppet.your-domain.com:8443

4.3.2 Smart Proxy Settings

The main configuration for the core Smart Proxy is held in the /etc/foreman-proxy/settings.yml or config/settings.yml file. This includes configuration of ports to listen on, SSL and security settings and logging options.

Each of the modules used in the Smart Proxy have their configuration in the /etc/foreman-proxy/settings.d/ or config/settings.d directory. Modules are enabled or disabled inside their respective configuration files with the :enabled directive, which determines whether the module is available on HTTP, HTTPS, both or is disabled (see below for more details).

YAML start

The first non-comment line of all configuration files must be three dashes.

---

Daemon configuration (settings.yml)

If daemon is present and true then the Smart Proxy will attempt to disconnect itself from the controlling terminal and daemonize itself on startup, writing its pid (process ID) into the specified file.

:daemon: true
:daemon_pid: /var/run/foreman-proxy/foreman-proxy.pid

Logging (settings.yml)

The proxy’s output is captured to the log_file and may be filtered via the usual Unix syslog levels:

• WARN
• DEBUG
• ERROR
• FATAL
• INFO
• UNKNOWN

See Ruby’s Logger class for details.

:log_file: /var/log/foreman-proxy/proxy.log
:log_level: DEBUG

The log_file setting may be set to “STDOUT” which causes log messages to be logged to standard output, for capture by the running process (e.g. systemd with journal).

Listening configuration (settings.yaml)

By default the Smart Proxy listens on all interfaces, which can be changed to limit access to a network:

# host to bind ports to (possible values: *, localhost, 0.0.0.0)
:bind_host: '*'
:bind_host: private.example.com
:bind_host: 192.168.1.10

The Smart Proxy has a number of different modules which can be enabled either for HTTP, for HTTPS or for access on both services. It is highly recommended to enable most only on HTTPS and only enable modules on HTTP when required (e.g. templates) or if no SSL is desired.

The two port options control which TCP port(s) the Smart Proxy will listen on. At least one must be enabled for the proxy to start. It is recommended to only set https_port unless an HTTP-only module is active, which also requires the three ssl_* settings to be set.

:http_port: 8000
:https_port: 8443

Modules are enabled in their per-module configuration file in /etc/foreman-proxy/settings.d/ with the :enabled directive, which can be set to:

• :enabled: false to disable the module entirely
• :enabled: http to listen on HTTP only
• :enabled: https to listen on HTTPS only (recommended)
• :enabled: true to listen on both HTTP and HTTPS if enabled (not recommended)

Security configuration (settings.yml)

The existence of all the three ssl key entries below requires the use of an SSL connection.

NOTE that both client certificates need to be signed by the same CA, which must be in the ssl_ca_file, in order for this to work see SSL for more information

:ssl_certificate: ssl/certs/fqdn.pem
:ssl_ca_file: ssl/certs/ca.pem
:ssl_private_key: ssl/private_keys/fqdn.key

This is the list of hosts from which the smart proxy will accept connections. For HTTPS connections, the name must match the common name (CN) within the subject DN and for HTTP connections, it must match the hostname from reverse DNS.

:trusted_hosts:
  - foreman.prod.domain
  - foreman.dev.domain

For HTTPS connections, the name must match the common name (CN) within the subject DN and for HTTP connections, it must match the hostname from reverse DNS. When :forward_verify is enabled (default: true) then the reverse lookup is verified against the forward lookup of the hostname (aka forward-confirmed reverse DNS/FCrDNS).

Some modules may allow connections from all hosts rather than only the trusted_hosts list, particularly if they intend to deal with requests directly from managed hosts rather than only from Foreman.

An empty trusted_hosts list will permit no hosts access:

:trusted_hosts: []

While if the setting is not specified, any host may make requests to the smart proxy, which permits management of any enabled modules and features.

Foreman communication (settings.yml)

Some modules make requests back to Foreman, e.g. when relaying requests from client hosts. The following setting changes the destination URL:

:foreman_url: https://foreman.example.com

And the following settings change the SSL certificates used to authenticate to Foreman and to verify its certificate. In a typical installation, Foreman and the Smart Proxy may both use certificates signed the same certificate authority, so these default to the values of the ssl_* settings defined above.

# SSL settings for client authentication against Foreman. If undefined, the values
# from general SSL options are used instead. Mainly useful when Foreman uses
# different certificates for its web UI and for smart-proxy requests.
:foreman_ssl_ca: /etc/foreman-proxy/ssl/certs/ca.pem
:foreman_ssl_cert: /etc/foreman-proxy/ssl/certs/fqdn.pem
:foreman_ssl_key: /etc/foreman-proxy/ssl/private_keys/fqdn.pem

4.3.3 BMC

Activate the BMC management module within the Smart Proxy instance. This allows users to trigger power management commands through the proxy to controlled hosts using IPMI or similar.

:enabled: https
:bmc_default_provider: freeipmi

Available providers are:

• freeipmi - for IPMI control using the freeipmi implementation
• ipmitool - using the ipmitool implementation
• shell - specialized provider for controlling the proxy server itself (used for Foreman Discovery)

The credentials and addresses used to control hosts are passed from Foreman itself by adding a new network interface with the type set to “BMC” to hosts.

4.3.4 DHCP

4.3.4.1 dhcp.yml

Activate the DHCP management module within the Smart Proxy instance. This is used to query for available IP addresses (looking at existing leases and reservations), add new and delete existing reservations. It cannot manage subnet declarations, which should be managed by another means (e.g. puppet-dhcp).

:enabled: https

If the DHCP server is ISC compliant then set dhcp_vendor to isc. In this case Smart Proxy must run on the same host as the DHCP server. If the proxy is managing a Microsoft DHCP server then set dhcp_vendor to native_ms. Smart Proxy must then be run on an NT server so as to access the Microsoft native tools, though it does not have to be the same machine as the DHCP server. More details can be found in the Foreman Architecture.

:dhcp_vendor: isc

The DHCP component needs access to the DHCP configuration file as well as the currently allocated leases. For a Red Hat or Fedora-based host, the following values are typical:

:dhcp_config: /etc/dhcp/dhcpd.conf
:dhcp_leases: /var/lib/dhcpd/dhcpd.leases

On a Debian or Ubuntu DHCP server, use the following values instead:

:dhcp_config: /etc/dhcp3/dhcpd.conf
:dhcp_leases: /var/lib/dhcp3/dhcpd.leases

If you secured your DHCP with an “omapi_key”, add the entries:

:dhcp_key_name: omapi_key
:dhcp_key_secret: XXXXXXXX

If the DHCP server is listening on a non-standard OMAPI port (i.e. not 7911), then change this with:

:dhcp_omapi_port: 7911

Large numbers of subnets can slow the Smart Proxy down when iterating over the reservations. You can request that the Smart Proxy only operate on a subset of the subnets managed by the DHCP server. This works with both isc and native_ms providers.

:dhcp_subnets: [192.168.1.0/255.255.255.0, 192.168.11.0/255.255.255.0]

4.3.4.2 ISC DHCP

ISC implementation is based on the OMAPI interface, which means:

• No need for root permissions on your DHCP server
• No need to restart (or “sync”) your DHCP server after every modifications.

Configuration

• dhcpd configuration file: ensure you have the following line in your dhcpd.conf file (somewhere in the top first lines):

omapi-port 7911;

• configure the settings file to point to your dhcpd.conf and dhcpd.leases files (make sure they are readable by the smart-proxy user)
• make sure the omshell command (/usr/bin/omshell) can be executed by the smart-proxy user.
• make sure that /etc/dhcp and /etc/dhcp/dhcpd.conf has group foreman-proxy

Securing the dhcp API

The dhcpd api server will listen to any host. You might need to add a omapi_key to provide basic security.

Example generating a key (on CentOS):

yum install bind
dnssec-keygen -r /dev/urandom -a HMAC-MD5 -b 512 -n HOST omapi_key
cat Komapi_key.+*.private |grep ^Key|cut -d ' ' -f2-

1. Edit your “/etc/dhcpd.conf”:

    omapi-port 7911;
    key omapi_key {
    algorithm HMAC-MD5;
    secret "XXXXXXXXX"; #<-The output from the generated key above.
    };
    omapi-key omapi_key;
    

2. Make sure you also add the omapi_key to your proxy’s dhcp.yml

3. Restart the dhcpd and foreman-proxy services

NOTE: if you don’t see DHCP in Smart Proxies Features, choose “Refresh features” from drop-down menu.

The next step is to set up appropriate Subnets in Foreman from the settings menu.

Sample dhcpd.conf

ddns-update-style interim;
ignore client-updates;
authoritative;
allow booting;
allow bootp;

omapi-port 7911;
#Optional key:
key omapi_key {
        algorithm HMAC-MD5;
        secret "2wgoV3yukKdKMkmOzOn/hIsM97QgLTT4CLVzg9Zv0sWOSe1yxPxArmr7a/xb5DOJTm5e/9zGgtzL9FKna0NWis==";
}
omapi-key omapi_key;

subnet 10.1.1.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 {
# --- default gateway
  option routers      10.1.1.254;
  option subnet-mask  255.255.255.0;

  option domain-name    "domain.com";
  option domain-name-servers  10.1.1.1, 8.8.8.8;
  option log-servers    syslog;
  option ntp-servers    ntp;

  range dynamic-bootp 10.1.1.10 10.1.1.250;
  default-lease-time 21600;
  max-lease-time 43200;

}

4.3.4.3 MS DHCP

The Microsoft smart-proxy installation procedure is very basic compared to the RPM or APT based solution.

It is required that this procedure is executed as an administrator.

It is not required that the smart-proxy be on the same host as the MS dhcp server. The smart-proxy just needs to be on a windows host that has netsh commands available.

1. Go to the smart-proxy repository at https://github.com/theforeman/smart-proxy/releases
2. Just under the tag matching your Foreman version, click the ZIP link in order to download the Smart Proxy source code
3. Extract the archive to a directory that does not have any spaces in its name
4. Go to the rubyinstaller web page at http://rubyinstaller.org/downloads/
5. Download and install the “ruby 1.9.3-p551”: (Allow the ruby associations to be installed.)
6. Download and install the Development Kit For Ruby 1.9.3: (DevKit-tdm-32-4.5.2-20111229-1559-sfx.exe)
7. Open a CMD window and, install the bundler_ext gem using gem install –platform x86-mingw32 bundler
8. CD to the root of the smart-proxy directory (the one you created in step 3)
9. Copy the file Gemfile to GemFile.in : copy Gemfile GemFile.in

10. Install all the dependencies using bundler : bundle install –without krb5 puppet puppetca

11. Edit config/settings.yml so that it looks a bit like this

    Sample config/settings.yml file

    ---
    # Web site conf
    #:bind_host: 10.10.10.1
    :http_port: 8080
        
    # SSL settings
    :https_port: 8443
    :ssl_certificate: c:\documents\smart-proxy\config\signed.pem
    :ssl_private_key: c:\documents\smart-proxy\config\private.pem
    :ssl_ca_file:     c:\documents\smart-proxy\config\ca.pem
        
    :trusted_hosts: [ foreman.someware.com]
        
    :daemon: false
        
    # Where our proxy log files are stored
    # filename or STDOUT
    # Unix setting
    #:log_file: log/proxy.log
    # Windows setting
    :log_file: c:\tmp\proxy.log
    # valid options are
    # WARN, DEBUG, ERROR, FATAL, INFO, UNKNOWN
    #:log_level: DEBUG
    :log_level: ERROR
    

12. Edit config/settings.d/dhcp.yml so that it looks a bit like this

    Sample config/settings.d/dhcp.yml file

    ---
    # Can be true, false, or http/https to enable just one of the protocols
    :enabled: true
    # Enable DHCP management
    :dhcp: true
    # The vendor can be either isc or native_ms
    :dhcp_vendor: native_ms
    # The dhcp_server is only used by the native_ms implementation
    :dhcp_server: 10.10.10.1
    

13. Create the SSL key

    • Login to your puppetmaster

    • On the command line, type the following command. Take care not to use an alias nor upper case characters.

        puppet ca generate _Smart-proxy FQDN_
      

    • Copy the private key, the public certificate and the ca.pem from /var/lib/puppet/ssl over to the locations that you specified in the setting file.

14. If needed, you have to create the option 60 on the Windows DHCP (for PXE Boot)

    • Open an administrator command prompt

    • Create the PXE Option using netsh

        C:\Windows\system32>netsh
        netsh>dhcp
        netsh dhcp> server 10.10.45.1
        netsh dhcp server>add optiondef 60 PXEClient String 0 comment= PXE Support
      

15. Test the installation by running ruby bin\smart-proxy.rb within an administrator cmd.exe prompt.

16. Install the program as a service

    • Install the dependencies to create the service :

        gem install --platform x86-mingw32-60 win32-service
      

    • Use the script in extra to create the service

        ruby extra\register-service.rb
      

    This may install the service but not run it. If so then try to start the service from the Ordinary Microsoft services snapin utility.

17. You may test connectivity by running the extra\query.rb utility from your foreman host. (Note that this file comes from the extra directory in the smart-proxy release.)

4.3.5 DNS

4.3.5.1 dns.yml

Activate the DNS management module within the Smart Proxy instance. This is used to update and remove DNS records from existing DNS zones.

The DNS module can manipulate any DNS server that complies with the ISC Dynamic DNS Update standard and can therefore be used to manage both Microsoft Active Directory and BIND servers. Updates can also be made using GSS-TSIG, see the second section below. Additional providers are available for managing libvirt’s embedded DNS server (dnsmasq) and Microsoft Active Directory using dnscmd, for static DNS records, avoiding scavenging.

Available providers are:

• nsupdate - dynamic DNS update using nsupdate
• nsupdate_gss - dynamic DNS update with GSS-TSIG
• virsh - libvirt embedded DNS (dnsmasq)
• dnscmd - static DNS records in Microsoft Active Directory

The dns_key specifies a file containing a shared secret used to generate a signature for the update request (TSIG record). This option should not be used if you plan to use Kerberos/GSS-TSIG (for example for DNS servers shipped with FreeIPA or Microsoft AD).

If neither the dns_key or GSS-TSIG is used then the update request is sent without any signature. Unsigned update requests are considered insecure. Some DNS servers can be configured to accept only signed signatures.

The dns_server option is used if the Smart Proxy is not located on the same physical host as the DNS server. If it is not specified then localhost is presumed.

:enabled: https
:dns_provider: nsupdate
:dns_key: /home/proxy/keys/Kapi.+157+47848.private
:dns_server: dnsserver.site.domain.com

The TTL of DNS records added by the Smart Proxy is 86400 seconds (one day). This can be changed with the dns_ttl setting:

:dns_ttl: 86400

GSS-TSIG authentication is controlled using the following settings, see the second section below for further details.

:dns_tsig_keytab: /usr/share/foreman-proxy/dns.keytab
:dns_tsig_principal: DNS/host.example.com@EXAMPLE.COM

4.3.5.2 BIND

Bind configuration manipulation is based on nsupdate, which means that in theory could also be used to manipulate other dns servers which support nsupdate (such as Microsoft DNS server).

Configuration

In order to communicate securely with your dns server, you would need a key which will be used by nsupdate and your named daemon using ddns-confgen or dnssec-keygen

example using ddns-confgen

execute ‘ddns-confgen -k foreman -a hmac-md5’ - this should output something like the following:

# To activate this key, place the following in named.conf, and
# in a separate keyfile on the system or systems from which nsupdate
# will be run:
key "foreman" {
        algorithm hmac-md5;
        secret "GGd1oNCxaKsh8HA84sP1Ug==";
};

# Then, in the "zone" statement for each zone you wish to dynamically
# update, place an "update-policy" statement granting update permission
# to this key.  For example, the following statement grants this key
# permission to update any name within the zone:
update-policy {
        grant foreman zonesub ANY;
};

# After the keyfile has been placed, the following command will
# execute nsupdate using this key:
nsupdate -k /path/to/keyfile

You should create a new file (such as /etc/rndc.key or other) and store the key “foreman {…} in it. in the proxy Settings file you should point to this file location - make sure that the proxy have read permissions to this file.

In your named file, you could add the update-policy statement or something like this named example file if you need more fine grained permissions.

4.3.5.3 GSS-TSIG DNS

Both BIND as configured in FreeIPA and Microsoft AD DNS servers can accept DNS updates using GSS-TSIG authentication. This uses Kerberos principals to authenticate to the DNS server. Under Microsoft AD, this is known as “Secure Dynamic Update”.

Pre-requisites

• Kerberos principal in the realm/domain that Smart Proxy can use
• Kerberos keytab for the above principal
• Access to add/delete/modify the required zones in Microsoft DNS. Both forward and reverse lookup.

Microsoft AD configuration

A user has to be created in Active Directory that will be used by the Smart Proxy, e.g. foremanproxy. This will automatically create a service principal, e.g. foremanproxy@EXAMPLE.COM.

Test the Kerberos login with that user on the Smart Proxy using kinit:

kinit foremanproxy@EXAMPLE.COM

This requires that your SRV records in DNS or /etc/krb5.conf file is setup correctly. By default many systems use DNS to locate the Kerberos DC. A KDC can also be statically set in this file. There are dozens of documents on how to do this on the net.

If login works, the keytab file can be created using ktutil. First clear the Kerberos ticket cache:

kdestroy

Now create the keytab file with ktutil:

ktutil: addent -password -p foremanproxy@EXAMPLE.COM -k 1 -e RC4-HMAC
ktutil: wkt dns.keytab
ktutil: q

Once the keytab file has been created, test it using kinit:

kinit foremanproxy@EXAMPLE.COM -k -t dns.keytab

If this works, clear the Kerberos ticket cache once again using kdestroy.

Store the keytab at /etc/foreman-proxy/dns.keytab, ensure permissions are 0600 and the owner is foreman-proxy. If you are using SELinux, do not forget to update the file context.

The DNS zone Dynamic Updates option on the DNS zones can now be set to Secure Only.

Restart the smart proxy service. Next, go to Update the configuration in Foreman.

FreeIPA configuration

A service principal is required for the Smart Proxy, e.g. foremanproxy/proxy.example.com@EXAMPLE.COM.

First of all, create a new principal (FreeIPA service) for Foreman, e.g. ipa service-add foremanproxy/proxy.example.com@EXAMPLE.COM.

Then fetch the keytab, e.g. ipa-getkeytab -p foremanproxy/proxy.example.com@EXAMPLE.COM -s ipa-server.example.com -k /etc/foreman-proxy/dns.keytab.

Store the keytab at /etc/foreman-proxy/dns.keytab, ensure permissions are 0600 and the owner is foreman-proxy.

The ACL on updates to the DNS zone then needs to permit the service principal. In the FreeIPA web UI, under the DNS zone, go to the Settings tab, verify that “Dynamic update” for that zone is set to “True”, and add to the BIND update policy a new grant:

grant foremanproxy\047proxy.example.com@EXAMPLE.COM wildcard * ANY;

Note the \047 is written verbatim, and don’t forget the semicolon. ACLs should be updated for both forward and reverse zones as desired.

Proxy configuration

Update the proxy configuration file (/etc/foreman-proxy/settings.d/dns.yml) with the following settings:

:dns_provider: nsupdate_gss
:dns_tsig_keytab: /etc/foreman-proxy/dns.keytab
:dns_tsig_principal: foremanproxy/proxy.example.com@EXAMPLE.COM
#:dns_key: false

To work correctly, :dns_key: must be commented out.

Restart the smart proxy service. Next, go to Update the configuration in Foreman.

Update the configuration in Foreman

After you have added a DNS smart proxy, you must instruct Foreman to rescan the configuration on each affected smart proxy by using the drop-down menu by its name and selecting “Refresh Features”.

Now, you are allowed to enable this in each subnet (reverse lookup of domain) and domain (forward lookup of domain) that you want this smart proxy to assist. You do this by navigating there and selecting it in the drop-down menu for DNS.

4.3.6 Puppet

Activate the Puppet management module within the Smart Proxy instance. This module has two functions:

• reads the Puppet modules and manifests on the Puppet master, reporting the environments and classes that are declared, used when importing classes into Foreman
• optionally triggers immediate Puppet runs on clients using one of a number of implementations

It should be activated on Puppet masters that have the environments and modules available to import data from. To use the Puppet run functionality, it also needs to be capable of executing puppetrun or equivalent implementation listed in the section below. This works independently of the Puppet CA functionality, which may only be one of many Puppet masters in the environment. To enable this, make sure these lines are present in /etc/foreman-proxy/settings.d/puppet.yml:

:enabled: https
:puppet_conf: /etc/puppet/puppet.conf

Puppet class/environment imports

The proxy parses all of the Puppet manifests inside the environments declared from puppet.conf (set by :puppet_conf), which generates a list of all Puppet classes and the parameters they take. These are imported by Foreman to generate the list of classes, smart class parameters and environments that they belong to.

There are two ways to declare environments within Puppet. Config environments are environments explicitly declared in puppet.conf, either with a single “modulepath” setting (which creates a single “production” environment or may be a wildcard), or with [development] section headers. The proxy will parse puppet.conf in the same manner as Puppet to try and determine the known environments.

More information on configuring them is available in the Puppet environment docs. Since Puppet 3.5, these are deprecated in favor of directory environments.

Directory environments are enabled by adding “environmentpath” to puppet.conf. When the proxy finds this setting, it uses this mode too. The :puppet_use_environment_api proxy setting can be used to force this mode on or off, but when unset, it follows the presence of environmentpath (the default). More information on configuring directory environments is available in the Puppet docs.

To get a list of environments and module paths, the proxy queries the Puppet master on its own API. Typically the defaults will suffice, but the URL and settings used for the proxy to Puppet master API query can be controlled with the following settings in /etc/foreman-proxy/settings.d/puppet.yml:

# URL of the puppet master itself for API requests
#:puppet_url: https://puppet.example.com:8140
# SSL certificates used to access the puppet master API
#:puppet_ssl_ca: /var/lib/puppet/ssl/certs/ca.pem
#:puppet_ssl_cert: /var/lib/puppet/ssl/certs/puppet.example.com.pem
#:puppet_ssl_key: /var/lib/puppet/ssl/private_keys/puppet.example.com.pem

The Puppet master has to permit this API query. Older installations of Puppet that have been upgraded may need a new entry in auth.conf prior to the last ‘deny’ entry:

path /v2.0/environments
method find
allow *

When scanning Puppet manifests, a cache is kept in memory to speed up subsequent import calls. It can be enabled/disabled with the following setting:

# Cache options
:use_cache: true

Puppet run providers

For the optional Puppet run functionality, one of a number of implementations can be chosen in /etc/foreman-proxy/settings.d/puppet.yml.

:puppet_provider: puppetrun
:puppetrun_wait: false

Available providers are:

• puppetrun - for puppetrun/kick, deprecated in Puppet 3, see section below
• mcollective - uses mco puppet, see section below
• puppetssh - run puppet over ssh
• salt - uses salt puppet.run
• customrun - calls a custom command with args

Once a provider is configured, in Foreman itself, enable “puppetrun” under Adminster > Settings > Puppet to activate the “Run Puppet” button on individual host pages.

The puppetrun_wait setting controls whether to block on completion of the Puppet command, so the result of the Puppet run can be returned to Foreman, else it’s usually asynchronous. When true, increase proxy_request_timeout under Administer > Settings in Foreman itself to ensure it waits longer for a response, as the Puppet run may take some time to complete.

puppetrun

puppet kick (or puppetrun in 2.x) can be used to trigger an immediate Puppet run on a client by connecting to the agent daemon on the client over HTTPS. This method however is deprecated in Puppet 3 and isn’t recommended for new deployments.

More information can be found in the puppet kick documentation, specifically the Usage Notes which describe the configuration of the agents to listen and authorize connections.

sudo access for the proxy is required to run the client - in your sudoers file ensure you have the following lines (use /opt/puppet/bin/puppet for Puppet Enterprise):

Defaults:foreman-proxy !requiretty
foreman-proxy ALL = NOPASSWD: /usr/bin/puppet kick *

If you are using Puppet 2.x, the proxy will use the older puppetrun command instead. The sudoers entry should be:

Defaults:foreman-proxy !requiretty
foreman-proxy ALL = NOPASSWD: /usr/sbin/puppetrun

The :puppet_user setting controls which user to sudo to, which on some installations (notably PE) may be different. When unset (:puppet_user:) then sudo will not be used.

MCollective

The proxy can trigger Puppet runs using the MCollective “puppet” agent. To enable this, add this line to /etc/foreman-proxy/settings.d/puppet.yml:

:puppet_provider: mcollective

And then add a sudoers rule:

Defaults:foreman-proxy !requiretty
foreman-proxy ALL = NOPASSWD: /usr/bin/mco puppet runonce *

The user that the smart proxy sudos to can be changed, notably for PE:

# If you want to override the puppet_user above just for mco commands
:mcollective_user: peadmin

If :mcollective_user is not specified, the value of :puppet_user will be used. If both are unset, it will sudo to root.

puppetssh

The puppetssh provider uses SSH to connect to the client using SSH keys and run the Puppet agent command directly. It is controlled by the following settings in /etc/foreman-proxy/settings.d/puppet.yml:

# whether to use sudo before the ssh command
:puppetssh_sudo: false
# the command which will be sent to the host
:puppetssh_command: /usr/bin/puppet agent --onetime --no-usecacheonfailure
# With which user should the proxy connect
#:puppetssh_user: root
#:puppetssh_keyfile: /etc/foreman-proxy/id_rsa

Salt

The salt provider uses Salt for remote execution, by executing the puppet module’s run routine. It is controlled by the following settings in /etc/foreman-proxy/settings.d/puppet.yml:

# Custom salt puppet.run command
# Set :salt_puppetrun_cmd to 'puppet.run agent no-noop' to run in no-noop mode.
# Default command is puppet.run.
:salt_puppetrun_cmd: puppet.run

customrun

The customrun provider allows configuration of a script that implements the Puppet run action in any way you require. Set the following configuration in /etc/foreman-proxy/settings.d/puppet.yml:

# Set :customrun_cmd to the full path of the script you want to run, instead of /bin/false
:customrun_cmd: /bin/false
# Set :customrun_args to any args you want to pass to your custom script. The hostname of the
# system to run against will be appended after the custom commands.
:customrun_args: -ay -f -s

4.3.7 Puppet CA

Activate the Puppet CA management module within the Smart Proxy instance. This is used to manage the autosign configuration and handle listing, signing and revocation of individual certificates.

This should only be enabled in the Smart Proxy that is hosted on the machine responsible for providing certificates to your puppet clients. You would expect to see a directory /var/lib/puppet/ssl/ca on such a host.

:enabled: https

If your puppet SSL directory is located elsewhere, you’ll need to set ‘ssldir’ as well.

:ssldir: /etc/puppet/ssl

The ‘puppetdir’ setting is used to find autosign.conf:

:puppetdir: /etc/puppet

The proxy requires write access to the puppet autosign.conf file, which is usually owner and group puppet, and has mode 0644 according to the puppet defaults.

Ensure the foreman-proxy user is added to the puppet group ( e.g. gpasswd -a foreman-proxy puppet or usermod -aG puppet foreman-proxy)

puppet.conf:

[master]
autosign = $confdir/autosign.conf {owner = service, group = service, mode = 664 }

sudo access for the proxy is required - in your sudoers file ensure you have the following lines:

foreman-proxy ALL = NOPASSWD: /usr/bin/puppet cert *
Defaults:foreman-proxy !requiretty

For older versions of Puppet (2.x) without separate commands:

foreman-proxy ALL = NOPASSWD: /usr/sbin/puppetca *
Defaults:foreman-proxy !requiretty

4.3.8 Realm

4.3.8.1 realm.yml

Activate the realm management module within the Smart Proxy instance. This manages Kerberos realms or domains, allowing Foreman to add and remove hosts to enable them to join the realm/domain automatically during provisioning.

:enabled: https
:realm_provider: freeipa

freeipa is the only provider currently available.

The following settings control authentication of the proxy to the realm for management of hosts:

# Authentication for Kerberos-based Realms
:realm_keytab: /etc/foreman-proxy/freeipa.keytab
:realm_principal: realm-proxy@EXAMPLE.COM

4.3.8.2 FreeIPA Realm

The FreeIPA implementation of the realm proxy is able to add a host entry to FreeIPA, send the hostgroup name, and request a one-time registration password.

Configuration of FreeIPA

In order to create the realm user and keytab to authenticate to FreeIPA, you can use the included foreman-prepare-realm tool. Your Smart Proxy must be registered to the FreeIPA realm already, and have the ipa-admintools package installed.

Simply provide a user with admin rights in FreeIPA, and a target user to create.

# foreman-prepare-realm admin realm-proxy
Password for admin@EXAMPLE.COM: 
---------------------------------------
Added permission "modify host password"
---------------------------------------
  Permission name: modify host password
  Permissions: write
  Attributes: userpassword
  Type: host
[...]
Keytab successfully retrieved and stored in: freeipa.keytab
Realm Proxy User:    realm-proxy
Realm Proxy Keytab:  /root/freeipa.keytab

Configuration of Smart Proxy

Copy the freeipa.keytab created above to /etc/foreman-proxy/freeipa.keytab and set the correct permissions:

    chown foreman-proxy /etc/foreman-proxy/freeipa.keytab
    chmod 600 /etc/foreman-proxy/freeipa.keytab

Then update realm.yml with the relevant settings.

If you’re using FreeIPA to manage DNS records, and want them to be automatically deleted when the host is deleted in Foreman, set this to true:

:freeipa_remove_dns: true

Finally, trust the IPA Certificate Authority. Ensure you have the most up-to-date version of the ca-certificates package installed.

cp /etc/ipa/ca.crt /etc/pki/ca-trust/source/anchors/ipa.crt
update-ca-trust enable
update-ca-trust

You will need to disable the DNS proxy for hosts that are provisioned with a realm set, as FreeIPA adds the forward record for you. In order to support adding a reverse lookup record also, you will need to go into the settings for the forward lookup zone on the IPA server and tick Allow PTR sync. This will make sure that FreeIPA creates the PTR records for you.

Using Automember Rules

FreeIPA supports the ability to setup automember rules based on attributes of a system. When using the FreeIPA proxy, the Foreman host group is available as a parameter in FreeIPA known as userclass. Nested host groups are sent as displayed in the Foreman UI, e.g. “Parent/Child/Child”. Note that Foreman does send updates to FreeIPA, however automember rules are only applied at initial add. This will be coming in a future version of FreeIPA.

First, we create a host group in FreeIPA:

# ipa hostgroup-add webservers
Description: web servers
----------------------------
Added hostgroup "webservers" 
----------------------------
  Host-group: webservers
  Description: web servers

Define an automember rule:

# ipa automember-add --type=hostgroup webservers
----------------------------------
Added automember rule "webservers" 
----------------------------------
Automember Rule: webservers

Create an automember condition based on the userclass attribute:

# ipa automember-add-condition --key=userclass --type=hostgroup --inclusive-regex=^webserver webservers
----------------------------------
Added condition(s) to "webservers" 
----------------------------------
  Automember Rule: webservers
  Inclusive Regex: userclass=^webserver
----------------------------
Number of conditions added 1
----------------------------

When a machine in Foreman is in the “webservers” host group, it will automatically be added to the FreeIPA “webservers” host group as well. FreeIPA host groups allow for Host-based access controls (HBAC), sudo policies, etc.

4.3.9 TFTP

tftp.yml

Activate the TFTP management module within the Smart Proxy instance. This is designed to manage files on a TFTP server, e.g. bootloaders for OS installation and PXE menu files.

The tftproot value is directory into which TFTP files are copied and then served from. The TFTP daemon will also be expected to chroot to this location. This component is only supported in a Unix environment.

:enabled: https
:tftproot: /var/lib/tftpboot
:tftp_servername: name of your tftp server (used for next server value in your dhcp reservation) - defaults to the host name of your proxy.

Unattended installation

An essential first step in netbooting a system is preparing the TFTP server with the PXE configuration file and boot images. This document assumes that you have already configured your DHCP infrastructure, either via manual configuration or through the DHCP smart proxy.

Setting Up the Proxy Server Host

Regardless of the filesystem setup is performed, you must also make sure you have the wget utility installed and in the default path. wget is used to download OS specific installation when a given host is enabled for the build process.

Automatic Setup

Foreman includes a TFTP server module that will perform all of the basic setup. It defaults to TFTP root of /var/lib/tftpboot, which may change if necessary. You will still need to provide the basic TFTP load images in your TFTP root directory. For vanilla PXE booting, this includes pxelinux.0, menu.c32, and chain.c32.

Manual Setup

The setup is very simple, and may be performed manually if desired.

1. The TFTP root directory must exist (we will use /var/lib/tftpboot in this example).
2. Populate /var/lib/tftpboot with PXE booting prerequisites. These can be taken from syslinux (usually in /usr/share/syslinux on RHEL) . At a minimum, this should include:
   • pxelinux.0
   • menu.c32
   • chain.c32
3. Create the directory /var/lib/tftpboot/boot and make it writeable by the foreman proxy user (foreman-proxy, for instance, when installing through a rpm package).
4. Create the directory /var/lib/tftpboot/pxelinux.cfg and make it writeable by the foreman proxy user (foreman-proxy).

• Note: if CentOS 7 is used, please make sure to edit the URL under Hosts -> Installation Media, to to exclude the $minor version. For example: http://mirror.centos.org/centos/$major/os/$arch

Setting Up Foreman

In most cases, the default templates should work fine. You do, however, need to make sure that a PXELinux or iPXE template is associated with your hosts. See Unattended Installations for details. The template will be used to define the PXE configuration file when a host is enabled for build.

Workflow

This is a rough outline of the steps triggered on the TFTP smart proxy host when you click on the “Build” link for a host.

1. Call mkdir -p /var/lib/tftpboot/pxelinux.cfg if it does not already exist.
2. Create a host-specific TFTP configuration file in /var/lib/tftpboot/pxelinux.cfg/01-XX-XX-XX-XX-XX-XX, named based off of the MAC address, using the associated PXE template.
3. Call mkdir -p /var/lib/tftpboot/boot if it does not already exist.
4. Download the OS specific kernel and initrd files using wget.
   1. The download URLs are derived from the installation media path, and OS specific log (see app/models/redhat.rb and debian.rb in foreman for examples of the gory details).
   2. The debian.rb file tries to guess if you want Ubuntu or Debian, based on the Name you give to your OS in the UI. If the name does not contain ‘ubuntu’ or ‘debian’, it may default to debian, hence fail to fetch the kernel/initrd.
   3. cd into /var/lib/tftpboot/boot and check that the filesizes are not zero. Check /var/log/foreman-proxy/proxy.log for possible errors.
5. The exact wget command is wget --no-check-certificate -nv -c <src> -O "<destination>"
6. At this point, the TFTP state is ready for the installation process.
7. Once the host has completed installation, the OS specific installation script should inform foreman by retrieving the built URL.
8. The host-specific TFTP configuration file is deleted.
9. The kernel and initrd are not deleted, but left in place for future installs of the same OS and architecture combination. Please note that in the unlikely case that these files are modified, the simplistic freshness check of wget will likely get confused, corrupting the downloaded versions of the files. If this happens, you should simply delete the files and let them be re-downloaded from scratch.

To make sure that you trigger the above workflow make sure you’ve satisfied these requirements:

1. at least 1 host is put in build mode
2. the host is using a subnet with a TFTP proxy

Limitations

At the moment, the proxy is not able to fetch boot files using NFS. As a workaround, expose your installation medium (or use a public mirror) over http/ftp to configure one machine with the require boot files. this would be resolved as part of #992.

4.3.10 SSL

The smart proxy can work in SSL mode, where both sides verify and trust each other. Requests from Foreman will only be accepted if the SSL certificate can be verified. Since proxies abstract a high level of control over your infrastructure, the configuration and security of keys and certificates is important.

Using Puppet CA certificates

Since Foreman integrates with Puppet heavily, it is recommended to use the Puppet Certificate Authority (CA) to secure proxy access. See the Security Communciations with SSL section for more advanced installations (multiple or internal CAs).

If the smart proxy host is not managed by Puppet, you will need to generate a certificate - skip forward to the generate section.

When using Puppet’s certificates, the following lines will be required in puppet.conf to relax permissions to the puppet group. The foreman and/or foreman-proxy users should then be added to the puppet group.

[main]
privatekeydir = $ssldir/private_keys { group = service }
hostprivkey = $privatekeydir/$certname.pem { mode = 640 }

Configuring the proxy

Configure the locations to the SSL files in /etc/foreman-proxy/settings.yml, plus the list of trusted Foreman hosts:

:ssl_certificate: /var/lib/puppet/ssl/certs/FQDN.pem
:ssl_ca_file: /var/lib/puppet/ssl/certs/ca.pem
:ssl_private_key: /var/lib/puppet/ssl/private_keys/FQDN.pem

:trusted_hosts:
- foreman.corp.com
#- foreman.dev.domain

Generating a certificate

To generate a certificate for a proxy host that isn’t managed by Puppet, do the following:

1. Generate a new certificate on your puppetmaster: puppet cert --generate <proxy-FQDN>
2. Copy the certificates and key from the puppetmaster to the smart proxy in /etc/foreman-proxy:
   • /var/lib/puppet/ssl/certs/ca.pem
   • /var/lib/puppet/ssl/certs/proxy-FQDN.pem
   • /var/lib/puppet/ssl/private_keys/proxy-FQDN.pem

Follow the configuration section above, however use the /etc/foreman-proxy paths instead of the Puppet defaults.

Configuring Foreman

For Foreman to connect to an SSL-enabled smart proxy, it needs configuring with SSL certificates in the same way. If the Foreman system is managed by Puppet, it will already have these, else certificates can be generated following the above instructions.

The locations of the certificates are managed in the Settings page, under Provisioning with the ssl_ca_file, ssl_certificate and ssl_priv_key settings. By default these will point to the Puppet locations - for manually generated certificates, or non-standard locations, they may have to be changed.

Lastly, when adding the smart proxy in Foreman, ensure the URL begins with https:// rather than http://.

4.3.11 Libvirt

In this chapter, we will describe how to setup DHCP and DNS for use with the virsh provider for libvirt.

This provider is able to change DHCP and DNS settings in libvirt with dnsmasq. This is done via the virsh command. These settings can be for only a single session, or persistent on the libvirt instance.

The provider is intended for development setups where libvirt is usually used. With simple steps, one can configure full provisioning on a box with libvirt.

This provider is not recommended for production use.

Configuration of libvirt

Define the TFTP root first. Edit ‘default’ virtual network and add ‘tftp’, ‘bootp’ and ‘domain’ elements.

<network>
 <name>default</name>
 <uuid>16b7b280-7462-428c-a65c-5753b84c7545</uuid>
 <forward mode='nat'/>
 <bridge name='virbr0' stp='on' delay='0' />
 <domain name="local.lan"/>
 <dns>
 </dns>
 <mac address='52:54:00:a6:01:5d'/>
 <ip address='192.168.122.1' netmask='255.255.255.0'>
   <tftp root='/var/tftproot' />
   <dhcp>
     <range start='192.168.122.2' end='192.168.122.254' />
     <bootp file='pxelinux.0' />
   </dhcp>
 </ip>
</network>

Create a TFTP root directory, make sure it is writeable by the foreman proxy user (foreman-proxy for instance) and accessible to the account dnsmasq is running on (in Fedora this is nobody), set gid flag for newly copied files and copy necessary files to the new TFTP root directory:

mkdir -p /var/tftproot/{boot,pxelinux.cfg}
yum -y install syslinux
cp /usr/share/syslinux/{pxelinux.0,menu.c32,chain.c32} /var/tftproot
chown -R foreman-proxy:nobody /var/tftproot
find /var/tftproot/ -type d | xargs chmod g+s

Configuration of smart-proxy

Configure smart-proxy in config/settings.yaml file:

• enable tftp
• set correct tftp boot and set explicit tftp_servername
• enable dns virsh provider
• enable dhcp virsh provider
• check virsh_network name (default in our case)

Important configuration values are (examples):

:tftp: true
:tftproot: /var/tftproot
:tftp_servername: 192.168.122.1
:dns: true
:dns_provider: virsh
:dhcp: true
:dhcp_vendor: virsh
:virsh_network: default

Make sure the user foreman proxy will be running with has sudo and virsh commands available and password is not required for virsh command. Also make sure sudo does not require tty. An example /etc/sudoers configuration:

Defaults !requiretty
foreman-proxy ALL = NOPASSWD : /usr/bin/virsh

Or for those who are running foreman-proxy under different user:

%users ALL = NOPASSWD : /usr/bin/virsh

Additional steps

Make sure the DNS server is configured with the foreman instance by setting /etc/resolv.conf file or changing this in NetworkManager or dnsmasq configuration. Example:

cat /etc/resolv.conf
nameserver 8.8.8.8
nameserver 8.8.4.4
nameserver 192.168.122.1

Foreman is now configured for libvirt provisioning, this is the recommended setup for git development checkouts. There is one limitation though, reverse DNS entries are not created (libvirt XML does not support them).

4.3.12 Templates

In this chapter, we will describe how to setup a Smart Proxy to serve provisioning templates.

The smart proxy is able to proxy template requests from hosts in isolated networks to the Foreman server, when the proxy also handles TFTP.

Ensure the foreman_url in /etc/foreman-proxy/settings.yaml points to your Foreman instance, and that your smart proxy is listening on HTTP by uncommenting http_port. Now configure /etc/foreman-proxy/settings.d/templates.yml:

:enabled: true
:template_url: http://smart-proxy.example.com:8000

Once you’ve completed the above steps, restart the foreman-proxy service and refresh the features on your Foreman server.

The templates feature is used automatically: any host that uses this proxy for TFTP will also use the proxy to retrieve its templates.

4.4 Provisioning

This chapter details the configuration of the required UI components necessary to provision an OS onto a host.

4.4.1 Operating Systems

The Operating Systems page (Hosts -> Operating Systems) details the OSs known to Foreman, and is the central point that the other required components tie into.

Creating an Operating System

Simply click New Operating system on the main page. You will be taken to a screen where you can create the bare essentials of a new OS. Not everything required for a successful provision is on this page (yet) - the remaining components will appear for selection as we create them.

You will need to fill in the first few parts of the form (Name, Major, Minor, Family, and possibly some family-dependent information). In the case of OSs like Fedora, it is fine to leave Minor blank.

If the default Partition Tables & Installation media are suitable, then you can assign them now. If not, return here after each step in this chapter to assign the newly created objects to your Operating System

Auto-created Operating Systems

Foreman does not come with any Operating Systems by default. However, Foreman will detect the Operating System of any host which reports in via Puppet - if the OS of that Host is supported, it will be created (with very basic settings) and assigned to the Host. Thus you may find some OSs already created for you.

4.4.2 Installation Media

The Installation Media represents the web URL from where the installation packages can be retrieved (i.e. the OS mirror). Some OS Media is pre-created for you when Foreman is first installed. However, it is best to edit the media you are going to use and ensure the Family is set.

New Installation Media

If your OS of choice does not have a mirror pre-created for you, click the New Medium button to create one. There are a few variables which can be used to pad out the URL. For example:

http://mirror.averse.net/centos/$major.$minor/os/$arch

Be sure to set the Family for the Media

Assign to Operating System

If you have not already done so, return to the Operating System page for your OS and assign the Media to it now.

4.4.3 Provisioning Templates

The Provision Templates is the core of Foreman’s flexibility to deploy the right OS with the right options. There are several types of template, along with a flexible matching system to deliver different templates to different Hosts.

Foreman comes with pre-created templates for the more common OSs, but you will need to review these.

Template Kinds

There are 6 template kinds:

• PXELinux - Deployed to the TFTP server to ensure the Host boots the correct installer with the correct kernel options
• Provision - The main unattended installation file; e.g. Kickstart or Preseed
• Finish - A post-install script used to take custom actions after the main provisioning is complete
• user_data - Similar to a Finish script, this can be assigned to hosts built on user_data-capable images (e.g. Openstack, EC2, etc)
• Script - An arbitrary script, not used by default, useful for certain custom tasks
• iPXE - Used in {g,i}PXE environments in place of PXELinux

In practice, most environments only make use of the first 3. The Create Host action deploys the PXELinux template to the TFTP server. The PXELinux template directs the host to retrieve the Provision template. The Provision template will direct the installer to retrieve and run the Finish template at the end of the install, and the Finish template will notify Foreman the build is complete just before reboot.

Editing Templates

Clicking a template will take you to the edit page. All templates are ERB-enabled, and you can access many variables about the to-be-installed-host within the template. See Template Writing for ideas.

As noted in 4.1.4 Auditing, changes to the templates are logged as diffs - you can browse the history of changes to the templates from the History tab within the Edit Template page. You can also revert changes here.

Template Association

When editing a Template, you must assign a list of Operating Systems which this Template can be used with. Optionally, you can restrict a template to a list of Hostgroups and/or Environments

When a Host requests a template (e.g. during provisioning), Foreman will select the best match from the available templates of that type, in the following order:

• Host-group and Environment
• Host-group only
• Environment only
• Operating system default

The final entry, Operating System default, can be set by editing the Operating System page.

Associating an Operating System default template

You will need to associate at least one PXELinux, Provision, and Finish template to your Operating System, and this must be done in two steps. First edit each of the templates, switch to the Association tab, and ensure the appropriate OSs are checked. Then edit the Operating System, switch to the Templates tab, and choose a default template for each template kind.

4.4.4 Partition Tables

Partition templates are a subset of normal Provisioning Templates. They are handled separately because it is frequently the case that an admin wants to deploy the same host template (packages, services, etc) with just a different harddisk layout to account for different servers’ capabilities.

Foreman comes with pre-created templates for common Operating Systems, but it is good to edit the template, check it’s content and it’s Family setting. If the Family is wrong, be sure to go back to Operating Systems and associate it with your Operating System.

Dynamic Partition tables

When creating a new Host, you will be given the option to create a Dynamic Partition table. This is essentially a ‘one-off’ partition table that is stored with the host and used only for that host. It replaces the choice of Partition Table from the normal list of those associated with the selected OS.

4.4.5 Architectures

Architectures are simple objects, usually created by Foreman automatically when Hosts check in via Puppet. However, none are created by default, so you may need to create them if you’re not using Foreman for reporting.

Creating a new Architecture

Simply click New Architecture to create a new one. This should match the Facter fact :architecture e.g. “x86_64”. If you’ve already created some Operating Systems, you can associate the Architecture with the OS now; if not, the list of Architectures will be present when you create an OS.

4.4.6 Workflow

Foreman performs a number of orchestration steps when performing unattended installation or provisioning, which vary depending on the integration options chosen - e.g. use of compute resources, configuration management tool and provisioning method (network/PXE/image).

4.4.6.1 Example: PXE booting an instance with Salt configuration

The following example uses:

• Compute resource (oVirt), also applicable to Libvirt and VMware
• Network (PXE) provisioning with DHCP and TFTP orchestration
• DNS orchestration
• Salt configuration management, also applicable to Puppet

Steps

1. On the New Host page, the default VM configuration is shown and compute profiles can be applied.
2. An unused IP address is requested from the DHCP smart proxy associated with the subnet.
3. The IP address field is filled in on the New Host page.
4. n/a
5. The New Host page is submitted.
6. Foreman contacts the compute resource to create the virtual machine.
7. The compute resource creates a virtual machine on a hypervisor.
8. The VM’s MAC address is returned from the compute resource and stored on the host.
9. A reservation is created on the DHCP smart proxy associated with the subnet.
10. DNS records are set up:
    1. A forward DNS record is created on the smart proxy associated with the domain.
    2. A reverse DNS record is created on the DNS smart proxy associated with the subnet.
11. A PXELinux menu is created for the host in the TFTP smart proxy associated with the subnet.
12. Foreman contacts the compute resource to power on the VM.
13. The compute resource powers up the virtual machine.
14. The host requests a DHCP lease from the DHCP server.
15. The DHCP lease response is returned with TFTP options (next-server, filename) set.
16. The host requests the bootloader and menu from the TFTP server.
17. The PXELinux menu and OS installer for the host is returned over TFTP.
18. The installer requests the “provision” template/script from Foreman.
19. Foreman renders the template and returns the resulting kickstart/preseed to the host.
20. Autosigning configuration for Salt (or Puppet) is added on the Salt or Puppet CA smart proxy.
21. The installer notifies Foreman of a successful build in the postinstall script.
22. The PXELinux menu is reverted to a “local boot” template.
23. The host requests its configuration from Salt or Puppet.
24. The host receives appropriate configuration using data defined in Foreman.
25. Configuration reports and facts are sent from Salt or Puppet to Foreman and stored.

4.4.6.2 Example: Cloud-based provisioning via cloud-init

This example shows workflow of cloud-based provisioning on IaaS (e.g. OpenStack) via cloud-init which configures Puppet agent to finish off the configuration.

4.4.6.3 Example: Cloud-based provisioning via ssh

This example shows workflow of cloud-based provisioning on IaaS (e.g. OpenStack) via ssh finish template for Puppet agent configuration.

4.4.6.4 Example: Image-based provisioning via ssh

This example shows workflow of image-based provisioning on virtualization (e.g. oVirt, RHEV or VMware via ssh finish template for Puppet agent configuration.

4.4.6.5 Example: Anaconda PXE-based provisioning

This example shows workflow of PXE booting into Anaconda installer with Puppet agent configuration.

4.4.7 Networking

Foreman can store information about the networking setup of a host that it’s provisioning, which can be used to configure the virtual machine, assign the correct IP addresses and network resources, then configure the OS correctly during the provisioning process.

This section details the options available for network interfaces in the New Host form and how they’re used.

Host interface options

• Primary: each host must have a single primary interface, which is used as the name of the host itself. This should be considered the main hostname and would usually also carry the default route.
• Provision: the interface on which provisioning of the operating system should be carried out. This will be used for PXE (if applicable) with TFTP menus, running SSH finish scripts etc. This may be different to the primary interface and should have access to Foreman and other provisioning systems.
• Managed: whether Foreman orchestrates creation of DNS entries, DHCP reservations and configuration of the interface during provisioning. Unmanaged interfaces would be used for informational purposes only.

A simple, single-homed host would have one network interface with a DNS name set matching the hostname, then managed, primary and provision flags all ticked. This would create one interface with DNS and DHCP records (if configured) over which the OS would be set up.

A dual or multi-homed host could have one interface with primary enabled (“host.example.com”) and another network with provision enabled (“host-build.example.com”). If both are also managed, Foreman will create DNS and DHCP records for both, but on the provision interface, the next-server/filename options for PXE will also be set. A TFTP (PXELinux) menu would also be created for the provision interface’s MAC address so the host can PXE boot on that physical interface, while its hostname would be assigned from the primary interface.

Virtual machines and interfaces

When Foreman deploys a host onto a compute resource, it creates a new interface on the VM for each interface specified when creating the host.

After creation, Foreman reads back the network information and matches the created interfaces to the list of interfaces given for the host and stores the assigned MAC and IP addresses (depending on the compute resource type) in its database. It then continues with orchestration, creating DNS and DHCP records etc. for the addresses retrieved from the new VM. Once orchestration of these is complete, it powers up the VM.

This design alleviates the need to supply MAC addresses for hosts being created on compute resources.

Subnet options

Subnets are defined in Foreman under Infrastructure > Subnets, and have a few options that affect how hosts are provisioned.

• IPAM: DHCP will use a DHCP-enabled smart proxy, checking for assigned leases and reservations and suggesting a new IP from the range. Internal DB will use Foreman’s list of already-assigned IPs and doesn’t rely on a DHCP smart proxy. None disables auto-suggestion of IP addresses.
• Boot mode: during OS provisioning, the template will configure the interface with either a static IP address or to use DHCP depending on the value of this setting.

Various combinations of the IPAM and Boot mode settings make sense, but the most common are DHCP (IPAM) with DHCP (Boot mode) and Internal DB with Static.

Use within provisioning templates and Puppet

Provisioning templates (such as kickstart, preseed or finish scripts) can make use of the interfaces data stored in Foreman for the host to configure the network.

A snippet (“kickstart_networking_setup”) is supplied by default in Foreman for kickstart-based OSes, which configures all managed network interfaces after the main OS installation is complete. This can be used in the %post kickstart section. No template is currently available for preseed-based OSes (ticket)

A hash of interfaces data is also made available to Puppet via a global ENC parameter called “foreman_interfaces”. This can be used to fully configure the network from a Puppet run.

4.4.8 OS Specific Notes

This chapter contains information about provisioning specific operating systems.

4.4.8.1 FreeBSD

As the FreeBSD installer itself does not support a kickstart-like pulling of a response file, a custom mfsBSD image with zfsinstall is used. Prebuilt images are available for download to be placed into the boot directory of your TFTP server.

However, these images can also be built from scratch as described below:

Building an installer image

This is an example how to build an image for FreeBSD 10.2-RELEASE. For other releases, simply replace the version accordingly.

# fetch the necessary FreeBSD components
mkdir /tmp/basefiles
cd /tmp/basefiles
fetch ftp://ftp.freebsd.org/FreeBSD/releases/amd64/10.2-RELEASE/base.txz
fetch ftp://ftp.freebsd.org/FreeBSD/releases/amd64/10.2-RELEASE/kernel.txz

# clone the git repository
git clone https://github.com/theforeman/mfsbsd.git
cd mfsbsd

# build the image (you need to be root for this to succeed)
make BASE=/tmp/basefiles RELEASE=10.2-RELEASE ARCH=amd64

# copy the image into the TFTP server directory
cp mfsbsd-10.2-RELEASE-amd64.img /tftpboot/boot/FreeBSD-x86_64-10.2-mfs.img

4.4.8.2 SLES

The installation media URL has to contain the contents of the first SLES DVD, it’s easiest to loopback mount the ISO image on a webserver. For Puppet, the systemsmanagement:puppet repository on OBS is used.

SLES 11

For Puppet, in addition to systemsmanagement:puppet also the devel:languages:ruby:backports repository on OBS and the SLES SDK DVD is used. The placeholder in the AutoYaST SLES template has to be updated with the actual SDK URL.

4.5 Command Line Interface

The framework used for implementation of command line client for foreman provides many features common for modern CLI applications. The task of managing Foreman from command line is quite complex so the commands have to be organized in more levels of subcommands. There is help available for each level to make it easy to use. Some other features for greater comfort are option validation, logging and customizable output formatting.

4.5.1 Usage Examples

Basic help and list of supported commands:

$ hammer -h
Usage:
    hammer [OPTIONS] SUBCOMMAND [ARG] ...

Parameters:
    SUBCOMMAND                    subcommand
    [ARG] ...                     subcommand arguments

Subcommands:
    architecture                  Manipulate architectures.
    auth                          Foreman connection login/logout.
    compute-resource              Manipulate compute resources.
    domain                        Manipulate domains.
    environment                   Manipulate environments.
    fact                          Search facts.
    filter                        Manage permission filters.
    global-parameter              Manipulate global parameters.
    host                          Manipulate hosts.
    hostgroup                     Manipulate hostgroups.
    location                      Manipulate locations.
    medium                        Manipulate installation media.
    model                         Manipulate hardware models.
    organization                  Manipulate organizations.
    os                            Manipulate operating system.
    partition-table               Manipulate partition tables.
    proxy                         Manipulate smart proxies.
    puppet-class                  Search puppet modules.
    report                        Browse and read reports.
    role                          Manage user roles.
    sc-param                      Manipulate smart class parameters.
    shell                         Interactive shell
    subnet                        Manipulate subnets.
    template                      Manipulate config templates.
    user                          Manipulate users.
    user-group                    Manage user groups.

Options:
    -v, --verbose                 be verbose
    -c, --config CFG_FILE         path to custom config file
    -u, --username USERNAME       username to access the remote system
    -p, --password PASSWORD       password to access the remote system
    --version                     show version
    --show-ids                    Show ids of associated resources
    --csv                         Output as CSV (same as --adapter=csv)
    --output ADAPTER              Set output format. One of [base, table, silent, csv]
    --csv-separator SEPARATOR     Character to separate the values
    -P, --ask-pass                Ask for password
    --autocomplete LINE           Get list of possible endings
    -h, --help                    print help

First level command help:

$ hammer architecture -h
Usage:
    hammer architecture [OPTIONS] SUBCOMMAND [ARG] ...

Parameters:
    SUBCOMMAND                    subcommand
    [ARG] ...                     subcommand arguments

Subcommands:
    list                          List all architectures.
    info                          Show an architecture.
    create                        Create an architecture.
    delete                        Delete an architecture.
    update                        Update an architecture.
    add_operatingsystem           Associate a resource
    remove_operatingsystem        Disassociate a resource

Options:
    -h, --help                    print help

Second level command help:

$ hammer architecture create -h
Usage:
    hammer architecture create [OPTIONS]

Options:
    --name NAME                    
    --operatingsystem-ids OPERATINGSYSTEM_IDS 
                                  Operatingsystem ID’s
    -h, --help                    print help

4.5.2 Success Story

There was a set of common commands identified as necessary for basic Foreman management, we called it “success story” and track the progress of its implementation. The commands could also serve as a basic hammer cookbook.

The goal is to provision bare metal host on a clean install of Foreman. The following steps are necessary:

• create smart proxy

hammer proxy create --name myproxy --url https://proxy.my.net:8443

• create architecture

hammer architecture create --name x86_64

• create new subnet

hammer subnet create --name "My Net" --network "192.168.122.0" --mask "255.255.255.0" --gateway "192.168.122.1" --dns-primary "192.168.122.1"

• import existing subnet from a proxy

  missing, see #3355

• create new domain

hammer domain create --name "my.net" --fullname "My network"

• associate domain with proxy

hammer domain update --id 1 --dns-id 1

• associate subnet with domain

hammer subnet update --id 1 --domain-ids 1

• associate subnet with proxy (DHCP, TFTP, DNS)

hammer subnet update --id 1 --dhcp-id 1 --tftp-id 1 --dns-id 1

• create new partition table

hammer partition_table create --name "Redhat test" --file /tmp/rh_test.txt

• create new OS

hammer os create --name RHEL --major 6 --minor 4

• create new template

hammer template create --name "kickstart mynet" --type provision --file /tmp/ks.txt

• edit existing pre-defined template

hammer template dump --id 4 > /tmp/ks.txt
    vim /tmp/ks.txt
hammer template update --id 4 --file /tmp/ks.txt

• associate applicable OS with pre-defined template

hammer template update --id 1 --operatingsystem-ids 1

Listing associated OS’s is still missing - see #3360

• associate OS with architecture

hammer os update --id 1 --architecture-ids 1

• associate OS with part table

hammer os update --id 1 --ptable-ids 1

• associate OS with install media

hammer os update --id 1 --medium-ids 1

• associate OS with install provision and pxelinux templates

  Missing, needs investigation, may be related to #3360

• create libvirt compute resource

hammer compute_resource create --name libvirt --url "qemu:///system" --provider Libvirt

• import puppet classes

  missing - see #3035

• and finally create a bare metal host entry

  works with some options, needs improvements - see #3063

4.6 Email Management

Foreman is also able to send out a variety of email notifications either on an event, or summary messages on a regular schedule. Plugins are also able to extend this with their own summaries and notifications.

To send email requires a configured SMTP server or local MTA (e.g. sendmail), which is set up in /etc/foreman/email.yml as per Configuration Options.

Scheduled emails are sent through rake tasks (reports:daily, reports:weekly, reports:monthly) run from cronjobs, which are configured in /etc/cron.d/foreman.

4.6.1 Email Preferences

Users

Email messages are sent to individual users registered to Foreman, to the email address configured on the account if present. Users can edit the email address by clicking on their name in the top-right hand corner of the web page and selecting My account.

To change which message subscriptions are received by an individual user, the Mail Preferences tab under the user account lists all available message types and the frequency at which each message should be received. A global checkbox to disable all email messages from Foreman is also available.

Event-based notifications can either be enabled or disabled, and these are sent from Foreman at the same time as the event occurring. Scheduled notifications can be sent either daily, weekly or monthly.

Hosts

Notifications relating to hosts can be disabled on a per-host basis, useful when errors are expected. On the host’s Additional Information tab, untick Enabled to disable notifications and remove the host from reports. Enabling and disabling notifications can also be done from the host list by using the tickboxes and selecting Enable/Disable Notifications from the Select Action dropdown menu.

Event notifications for a host are sent to the host’s registered owner. This is selected on the Additional Information tab of the host, and may be either an individual user or a user group. When set to a user group, all group members who are subscribed to the email type will receive a message.

4.6.2 Account Notifications

New account welcome email

When the send_welcome_email setting is enabled (Configuration Options), new account holders will receive an email providing their username and a link to Foreman.

4.6.3 Host Notifications

Build complete

When a host has completed its build process, either notifying Foreman of completion via a request at the end of its unattended installation or after Foreman has run a script remotely, this email notification will be sent to owners of the host.

Puppet error state

When a Puppet report is received that puts the host into a red error state, a corresponding email notification is sent to owners of the host.

4.6.4 Scheduled Emails

Audit summary

A regular summary email of all changes to objects in Foreman that triggered audit events (see Auditing), including the user that made the change, the time of the change and a link to further details.

Puppet summary

A regular overview of all hosts that a user has access to, and their Puppet status. This includes the number of Puppet events over the reporting period, such as applied, skipped and failed resources.

4.7 Managing Salt

Please refer to the foreman_salt plugin documentation.

4.8 Managing Chef

Please refer to the foreman_chef plugin documentation.

5. Advanced Foreman

5.1 API

API v2 is the default, stable and recommended version for Foreman 1.9. API v1 is also available, but future versions of Foreman will eventually deprecate and remove it.

This section documents the JSON API conventions for the Foreman API v2 and Katello API v2. To explicitly select the API version, see Section 5.1.6.

5.1.1 CRUD Request Examples

The following examples show the basic CRUD operations (Create, Read, Update, Delete) using the JSON API.

Show a Collection of Objects

Get of a collection of domains: GET /api/domains

Send a HTTP GET request. No JSON data hash is required.

$ curl -k -u admin:changeme -H "Accept: version=2,application/json" https://foreman.example.com/api/domains

This returns a collection JSON response. The format for a collection response is described in Section 5.1.2.

Show a Single Object

Get a single domain: GET /api/domains/:id or GET /api/domains/:name

Send a HTTP GET request with the object’s unique identifier, either :id or :name. No JSON data hash is required.

$ curl -k -u admin:changeme -H "Accept: version=2,application/json" \
    https://foreman.example.com/api/domains/42
# or
$ curl -k -u admin:changeme -H "Accept: version=2,application/json" \
    https://foreman.example.com/api/domains/foo

This returns a single object in JSON format. The format for a single object response is described in Section 5.1.3.

Create an Object

Create a new domain: POST /api/domains

Send a HTTP POST request with a JSON data hash containing the required fields to create the object. In this example, a domain is being created.

$ curl -k -u admin:changeme -H "Accept: version=2,application/json" -H "Content-Type: application/json" \
    -X POST -d '{ "name":"foo.bar.com","fullname":"foo.bar.com description" }' \
    https://foreman.example.com/api/domains

This returns the newly created object in JSON format. The format for a single object response is described in Section 5.1.3.

Update an Object

Update a domain: PUT /api/domains/:id or PUT /api/domains/:name

Send a HTTP PUT request with the object’s unique identifier, either :id or :name, plus a JSON data hash containing only the data to be updated. In this example, only the domain name is being updated.

$ curl -k -u admin:changeme -H "Accept: version=2,application/json" -H "Content-Type: application/json" \
    -X PUT -d '{ "name": "a new name" }' https://foreman.example.com/api/domains/12
# or
$ curl -k -u admin:changeme -H "Accept: version=2,application/json" -H "Content-Type: application/json" \
    -X PUT -d '{ "name": "a new name" }' https://foreman.example.com/api/domains/foo

This returns the newly updated object in JSON format. The format for a single object response is described in Section 5.1.3.

Delete an Object

Delete a domain: DELETE /api/domains/:id or DELETE /api/domains/:name

Send a HTTP DELETE request with the object’s unique identifier, either :id or :name. No JSON data hash is required.

$ curl -k -u admin:changeme -H "Accept: version=2,application/json" -X DELETE \
    https://foreman.example.com/api/domains/17
# or
$ curl -k -u admin:changeme -H "Accept: version=2,application/json" -X DELETE \
    https://foreman.example.com/api/domains/foo

This returns the deleted object in JSON format. The format for a single object response is described in Section 5.1.3.

5.1.2 JSON Response Format for Collections

Collections are a list of objects (i.e. hosts, domains, etc). The format for a collection JSON response consists of a results root node and metadata fields total, subtotal, page, per_page. Note: for Katello objects, the metadata includes limit, offset instead of page, per_page.

Below is an example of the format for a collection JSON response for a list of domains: GET /api/domains

{
    "total": 3,
    "subtotal": 3,
    "page": 1,
    "per_page": 20,
    "search": null,
    "sort": {
        "by": null,
        "order": null
    },
    "results": [
        {
            "id": 23,
            "name": "qa.lab.example.com",
            "fullname": "QA",
            "dns_id": 10,
            "created_at": "2013-08-13T09:02:31Z",
            "updated_at": "2013-08-13T09:02:31Z"
        },
        {
            "id": 25,
            "name": "sat.lab.example.com",
            "fullname": "SATLAB",
            "dns_id": 8,
            "created_at": "2013-08-13T08:32:48Z",
            "updated_at": "2013-08-14T07:04:03Z"
        },
        {
            "id": 32,
            "name": "hr.lab.example.com",
            "fullname": "HR",
            "dns_id": 8,
            "created_at": "2013-08-16T08:32:48Z",
            "updated_at": "2013-08-16T07:04:03Z"
        }
    ]
}

The response metadata fields are described below:

• total - total number of objects without any search parameters
• subtotal - number of objects returned with given search parameters (if there is no search, then subtotal equals total)
• page (Foreman only) - page number
• per_page (Foreman only) - maximum number of objects returned per page
• limit - (Katello only) specified number of objects to return in collection response
• offset - (Katello only) number of objects skipped before beginning to return collection.
• search - search string (based on scoped_scoped syntax)
• sort
  • by - the field that the collection is sorted by
  • order - sort order, either ASC for ascending or DESC for descending
• results - collection of objects. See Section 5.1.4 for how to change the root name from ‘results’ to something else.

5.1.3 JSON Response Format for Single Objects

Single object JSON responses are used to show a single object. The object’s unique identifier :id or :name is required in the GET request. Note that :name may not always be used as a unique identifier, but :id can always be used. The format for a single object JSON response consists of only the object’s attributes. There is no root node and no metadata by default. See Section 5.1.4 for how to add a root name.

Below is an example of the format for a single object JSON response: GET /api/domains/23 or GET /api/domains/qa.lab.example.com

{
    "id": 23,
    "name": "qa.lab.example.com",
    "fullname": "QA",
    "dns_id": 10,
    "created_at": "2013-08-13T09:02:31Z",
    "updated_at": "2013-08-13T09:02:31Z"
}

5.1.4 Customize JSON Responses

Customize Root Node for Collections

The default root node name for collections is results but can be changed.

To change the root node name per API request, pass root_name= as a URL parameter. See example below:

$ curl -k -u admin:changeme -H "Accept: version=2,application/json" \
    https://foreman.example.com/api/domains?root_name=data

Customize Root Node for Single Object

There is no root node as the default for single object JSON responses, but it can be added.

To change the object’s root node name per API request, pass object_name= as a URL parameter. See example below:

$ curl -k -u admin:changeme -H "Accept: version=2,application/json" \
    https://foreman.example.com/api/domains/23?object_name=record

Customize Partial Response Attributes

Currently, there is no option to change or customize which attributes are returned for collections or single objects. In the future, customized partial responses such as fields=field1,field2,field3 or fields=all may be implemented (#3019). Similarly, there is currently no option to specify child nodes in an API call or to remove child nodes if they are returned by default.

Custom Number of Objects in Collection Per Response

Foreman paginates all collections in the JSON response. The number of objects returned per request is defined in Administer > Settings > General > entries_per_page. The default is 20. Thus, if there are 27 objects in a collection, only 20 will be returned for the default page=1.

To view the next page, pass page= as a URL parameter. See example below:

$ curl -k -u admin:changeme -H "Accept: version=2,application/json" \
    https://foreman.example.com/api/domains?page=2

The example above will show the remaining 7 objects in our example of 27 objects in the collection.

To increase or decrease the number of objects per response, pass per_page= as a URL parameter. See example below:

$ curl -k -u admin:changeme -H "Accept: version=2,application/json" \
    https://foreman.example.com/api/domains?per_page=1000

This will return all the objects in one request since 27 is less than the per_page parameter set to 1000.

Custom Search of Collections Per Response

Foreman uses the scoped_search library for searching and filtering which allows all query search parameters to be specified in one string. The syntax is described in the Searching section, and matches exactly the syntax used for the web UI search boxes. This allows you use of the auto-completer and to test a query in the UI before reusing it in the API.

To filter results of a collection, pass search= as a URL parameter, ensuring that it is fully URL-escaped to prevent search operators being misinterpreted as URL separators. See example below:

$ curl -k -u admin:changeme -H "Accept: version=2,application/json" \
    https://foreman.example.com/api/domains?search=name%3Dexample.com

The number of objects returned will be shown in the subtotal metadata field, and the query string will be shown in the search metadata field.

Custom Sort of Collections Per Response

Custom sort order per collection can be specified by passing order= as a URL parameter. See example below:

$ curl -k -u admin:changeme -H "Accept: version=2,application/json" \
    https://foreman.example.com/api/domains?order=name+DESC

The default sort order is ascending (ASC) if only a field name is passed. The sort parameters will be shown in sort by and order metadata fields.

5.1.5 Nested API routes

The goal is to implement nested routes for all objects as an alternative to filtering collections.

For example, rather then filtering subnets by a specified domain using a search string

$ GET /api/subnets?search=name%3Dqa.lab.example.com

the alternative nested route below returns the same result as the above.

$ GET /api/domains/qa.lab.example.com/subnets

All actions will be accessible in the nested route as in the main route.

5.1.6 API Versioning

The default API version is v2 for Foreman 1.9, however explicitly requesting the version is recommended. Both API v1 and v2 are currently shipped.

There are two methods of selecting an API version:

1. In the header, pass Accept: application/json,version=2

2. In the URL, pass /v2/ such as GET /api/v2/hosts

Similarly, v1 can still be used by passing Accept: application/json,version=1 in the header or api/v1/ in the URL.

5.1.7 Handling Associations

Updating and creating associations are done in a few different ways in the API depending on the type of association.

One-to-One and One-to-Many

To update a one-to-one or a one-to-many association, simply set the name or id on the object. For example, to set a host group for a host, simply set the hostgroup_name or hostgroup_id of the host.

$ curl -k -u admin:changeme -H "Accept: version=2,application/json" \
    -H "Content-Type: application/json" -X POST \
    -d '{ "hostgroup_name": "telerin" }' \
    https://foreman.example.com/api/hosts/celeborn.firstage

$ curl -k -u admin:changeme -H "Accept: version=2,application/json" \
    -H "Content-Type: application/json" -X POST \
    -d '{ "hostgroup_id": 42 }' \
    https://foreman.example.com/api/hosts/celeborn.firstage

Many-to-One and Many-to-Many

To update an association for an object that contains a collection of other objects, there are a few options. First you can set the names or ids:

$ curl -k -u admin:changeme -H "Accept: version=2,application/json" \
    -H "Content-Type: application/json" -X POST \
    -d '{ "host_names": ["enel.first", "celeborni.first", "elwe.first"] }' \
    https://foreman.example.com/api/hostgroups/telerin

$ curl -k -u admin:changeme -H "Accept: version=2,application/json" \
    -H "Content-Type: application/json" -X POST \
    -d '{ "host_ids": [4, 5, 6] }' \
    https://foreman.example.com/api/hostgroups/telerin

This will set the host group’s hosts to enel, celeborn, and elwe (or 4, 5, 6) and only those.

Alternatively, you can pass in a set of objects:

$ curl -k -u admin:changeme -H "Accept: version=2,application/json" \
    -H "Content-Type: application/json" -X POST \
    -d '{ "domains": [{ "name": "earendil", "id": 1}, { "name": "turgon", "id": 3 }] }' \
    https://foreman.example.com/api/subnets/iluvatar

This would set the domains for the subnet to be earendil and turgon. If another domain for example belonged to the subnet before the request, it would be removed.

5.2 Compute Resources

Foreman supports creating and managing hosts on a number of virtualization and cloud services - referred to as “compute resources” - as well as bare metal hosts.

The capabilities vary between implementations, depending on how the compute resource provider deploys new hosts and what features are available to manage currently running hosts. Some providers are able to support unattended installation using PXE, while others are image-based. Some providers have graphical consoles that Foreman interfaces to, and most have power management features. A summary of all providers and their support features is given below, and more detailed sections follow with specific notes.

Support for these features is aimed at being as transparent as possible, allowing the same configuration to be applied to hosts irrespective of the provider in use (compute resource or not). The selection of compute resource is made when creating a new host and the host in Foreman’s database remains associated to the VM that’s created, allowing it to be managed throughout the lifetime of the host.

5.2.1 Using Compute Resources

The following steps describe how to configure a compute resource and provision new hosts on it.

1. Ensure the necessary package for the provider (from the above table) is installed, e.g. yum -y install foreman-ovirt. Restart the Foreman application to complete installation.

2. Add a compute resource under Infrastructure > Compute Resources > New Compute Resource. Select the provider type from the menu and appropriate configuration options will be displayed. Check the notes sections below for any provider-specific setup instructions.

3. Click the Test Connection button after entering the configuration. If no error is displayed, the test was successful.

4. After saving the compute resource, existing virtual machines can be browsed by clicking on the compute resource and the Virtual Machines tab.

5. For providers that use images, click on the compute resource, then the Images tab, where known images are listed. To register images that Foreman can use, click New Image and enter the details.

6. To provision a new host on this compute resource, from Hosts, click New Host and select the compute resource from the Deploy to menu.

Also note the following features:

1. When viewing a host, power management controls and the console access button are in the top right hand corner of the page.

2. If a host provisioned on a compute resource is deleted, the VM and associated storage on the compute resource will also be deleted.

3. Users in Foreman can have access restricted to hosts present on certain compute resources. For more information, see Filtering in 4.1.2 Roles and Permissions.

5.2.2 Using Compute Profiles

A compute profile is a way of expressing a set of defaults for VMs created on a specific compute resource that can be mapped to an operator-defined label. This means an administrator can express, for example, what “Small”, Medium” or “Large” means on all of the individual compute resources present for a given installation.

In combination with host groups, this allows a user to completely define a new host from just the Host tab of the New Host form.

You can find the configuration for compute profiles at Infrastructure > Compute Profiles

Default Profiles

By default, Foreman comes with 3 predefined profiles; “1-Small”, “2-Medium”, and “3-Large” (the numbers are just to make them sort nicely). They come with no associated configuration for any particular compute resource, and as such, they can be deleted or renamed as required.

Assigning information to a Profile

This walkthrough will define what “1-Small” means for a particular installation. It will also assume there are two compute resources; one Libvirt and one EC2 (these make a good example as they are very different).

Start by editing the compute profile, by clicking its name in the profile list. This leads to a list of all your current compute resources. Later, once the configuration is done, this list will also display the current defaults configured for each compute resource.

EC2

Clicking on the EC2 resource will bring up a page very similar to the one used when provisioning a single host. Here an administrator can set what “1-Small” means on this specific EC2 resource. For this example, “m1.small” is selected as the size. Defaults can also be specified for the image choice, the security groups, and so on.

The changes are submitted, and on returning to the profile list, the new EC2 defaults will be shown.

Libvirt

In a very similar manner, the Libvirt resource can be clicked upon, and some defaults assigned. For this example, since this is the “1-Small” profile, 1 CPU, 512MB of RAM, a single bridged network device, and a 5GB disk are selected.

Again, the changes are submitted.

Applying a Compute Profile

Now visit Hosts > New Host. At first, things look exactly as before, but once a compute resource is selected which has at least one compute profile, a new combo-box will appear. This permits the user to select a profile to apply to this host. For this example, the Libvirt resource is selected, followed by the “1-Small” profile.

Once the profile is selected, the Virtual Machine tab will automatically update to use the defaults configured in the “1-Small” profile.

Assuming the defaults are suitable, the host has now been defined solely by selecting a host group and a profile. It’s also possible to associate a profile with a host group in the host group edit page, which will automatically select that profile when the host group is selected.

5.2.3 EC2 Notes

• Add a provisioning template of either type finish or user_data which will be executed on the new image.
  • ‘finish’ templates complete the provisioning process via SSH - this requires Foreman to be able to reach the IP of the new host, and that SSH is allowing connections from Foreman. This uses the SSH key which Foreman uploaded to your compute resource when it was added to Foreman.
  • ‘user_data’ templates instead provision by cloud-init (or similar meta-data retrieving scripts). This will not require Foreman to be able to reach the host, but the host must be able to reach Foreman (since user_data execution is asynchronous, the host must notify Foreman that the build is complete).
• Ensure AMIs are added under the Images tab on the compute resource
  • Ensure the correct username is set for Foreman to SSH into the image (if using SSH provisioning).
  • Tick the user_data box if the image is capable of using user_data scripts (usually because it has cloud-init installed).
• Enabling use_uuid_for_certificates in Administer > Settings is recommended for consistent Puppet certificate IDs instead of hostnames.
• VPC subnets and security groups can be selected on the Network tab when creating a host.
• The Managed IP dropdown menu allows selection between using the public and private IP address for communication from Foreman to the instance.
• Ensure that the selected template is associated to the OS (on the Associations tab) and is set as the default for the operating system too.

A finish-based example for configuring EC2 provisioning is given on the Foreman blog: EC2 provisioning using Foreman.

5.2.4 Google Compute Engine Notes

• Requires client e-mail address of an authorised Google Cloud Console client ID is entered in the new compute resource screen and its associated .p12 private key file is manually transferred to the foreman server.
• The certificate must be stored in a location the foreman user account has permission to read.
• If your server enforces SELinux ensure the context is suitable or relabel it using restorecon -vv /usr/share/foreman/gce.p12
• Specify the location on the foreman server as the certificate path value e.g /usr/share/foreman/gce.p12
• Ensure images are associated under the Images tab on the compute resource.
• Add a provisioning template of type finish which will be executed over SSH on the new image.
• Ensure the finish template is associated to the OS (on the Associations tab) and is set as the default for the operating system too.
• Enabling use_uuid_for_certificates in Administer > Settings is recommended for consistent Puppet certificate IDs instead of hostnames.
• The External IP checkbox means the public IP address (rather than private IP) will be used for communication with the instance from Foreman.

Setting up the cloud project

All Google Compute Engine access is contained within a “project” set up via the Google Developers Console. Access the Google Developers Console, and click Create Project.

By default, your project will have the Compute Engine and App Engine services enabled. Now go to the API manager, and select the Google Compute Engine API.

Next, under APIs & auth, then APIs, click the Enable button.

Under Credentials, click Create Credentials > Create service account key and choose your service account for Compute Engine.

Click Generate new P12 key and save the new .p12 file. This should be uploaded to the Foreman server to a location that the ‘foreman’ user can read, such as /usr/share/foreman/gce.p12. You don’t need to provide any password to Foreman to use this PKCS12 key.

Adding the compute resource

In Foreman, under Infrastructure > Compute resources > New compute resource, select Google from the provider dropdown menu and fill in the GCE-specific fields as follows:

• Google Project ID: shown on the project overview page in the GCE console, e.g. “nomadic-rite-396”
• Client Email: shown on the Credentials page after creating the service account as Service account ID, e.g. “543…@developer.gserviceaccount.com”
• Certificate path: full path of the .p12 file stored on the Foreman server, e.g. /usr/share/foreman/gce.p12

5.2.5 Libvirt Notes

• Currently only supports KVM hypervisors.
• VM consoles will be configured by default to listen on 0.0.0.0, change this via libvirt_default_console_address in Administer > Settings > Provisioning.
• libvirt’s DNS and DHCP server (dnsmasq) can be disabled and replaced by BIND and ISC DHCPD (managed by Foreman) by creating a new virtual network and disabling DHCP support.

Connections

To connect to the hypervisor using SSH:

1. Configure SSH keys (ssh-keygen) for the ‘foreman’ user on the Foreman host to connect fully automatically to the remote hypervisor host.
2. Change to the ‘foreman’ user, test the connection and ensure the remote host has been trusted.
3. If connecting to the hypervisor as a non-root user, set up PolicyKit to permit access to libvirt. Note that different versions of PolicyKit have different configuration formats. 1, 2.
4. Add the compute resource with a URL following one of these examples:
   • qemu+ssh://root@hypervisor.example.com/system to use the remote ‘root’ account
   • qemu+ssh://hypervisor.example.com/system to use the remote ‘foreman’ account

The first two steps above can be done with something like:

root# mkdir /usr/share/foreman/.ssh
root# chmod 700 /usr/share/foreman/.ssh
root# chown foreman:foreman /usr/share/foreman/.ssh

When using distribution packages, the directory should already be created for you so you could skip the above. Although following is necessary:

root# su foreman -s /bin/bash
foreman$ ssh-keygen
foreman$ ssh-copy-id root@hostname.com
foreman$ ssh root@hostname.com
exit

When using SELinux make sure the directory and the files have correct labels of ssh_home_t:

ls /usr/share/foreman/.ssh -Zd
drwx------. foreman foreman system_u:object_r:ssh_home_t:s0  /usr/share/foreman/.ssh
ls /usr/share/foreman/.ssh -Z
-rw-------. foreman foreman unconfined_u:object_r:ssh_home_t:s0 id_rsa
-rw-r--r--. foreman foreman unconfined_u:object_r:ssh_home_t:s0 id_rsa.pub
-rw-r--r--. foreman foreman unconfined_u:object_r:ssh_home_t:s0 known_hosts

If not, restore the context:

restorecon -RvF /usr/share/foreman/.ssh

To connect to the hypervisor over TCP without authentication or encryption (not recommended):

1. Set the following options in libvirtd.conf:
   • listen_tls = 0
   • listen_tcp = 1
   • auth_tcp = "none"
2. Enable libvirtd listening, e.g. set LIBVIRTD_ARGS="--listen" in /etc/sysconfig/libvirtd
3. Add the compute resource with a URL following this example:
   • qemu+tcp://hypervisor.example.com:16509/system

If you have difficulty connecting, test access using the virsh command under the ‘foreman’ account on the Foreman host first, e.g. virsh -c qemu+ssh://hypervisor.example.com/system list.

Image provisioning

Image based provisioning can be used by provisioning a VM with a backing image and then running a finish script over SSH, in the same manner as the EC2 provider. The type of provisioning method can be selected under the “Operating system” tab when creating a new host. To configure image/template-based provisioning:

• Images refer to backing disks (usually qcow2) - create a disk containing the OS image in the libvirt storage pool.
• Add the image by navigating to the compute resource and clicking New Image, enter the full path to the backing image in the Image path field.
• Ensure the image is not modified as long as hosts exists that are using it, or they will suffer data corruption.

Two methods to complete provisioning are supported. Either by SSHing into the newly created VM and running a script:

• The template needs to have a username and password set up for Foreman to SSH in after provisioning and run the finish script.
• This requires some form of DHCP orchestration for SSH access to the newly created host to work.
• A finish template to perform any post-build actions (e.g. setting up Puppet) must also be associated to the host, usually by changing the OS default finish template.

Or select the userdata checkbox when adding the image to Foreman, and a cloud-init compatible disk will be attached to the VM containing the userdata:

• The template will need cloud-init installed and set to run on boot.
• A userdata template to perform any post-build actions (e.g. setting up Puppet) must also be associated to the host, usually by associating the UserData default template.
• The template will need to “phone home” to mark the host as built.

5.2.6 OpenStack Notes

• Supports OpenStack Nova for creating new compute instances.
• Add a provisioning template of either type finish or user_data which will be executed on the new image.
  • ‘finish’ templates complete the provisioning process via SSH - this requires Foreman to be able to reach the IP of the new host, and that SSH is allowing connections from Foreman. This uses the SSH key which Foreman uploaded to your compute resource when it was added to Foreman.
  • ‘user_data’ templates instead provision by cloud-init (or similar meta-data retrieving scripts). This will not require Foreman to be able to reach the host, but the host must be able to reach Foreman (since user_data execution is asynchronous, the host must notify Foreman that the build is complete).
• Ensure Glance Images are added under the Images tab on the compute resource.
  • Ensure the correct username is set for Foreman to SSH into the image (if using SSH provisioning).
  • Tick the user_data box if the image is capable of using user_data scripts (usually because it has cloud-init installed).
• Security groups can be selected on the Virtual Machine tab when creating a host.
• The Floating IP Network dropdown menu allows selection of the network Foreman should request a public IP on. This is required when using SSH provisioning.
• Ensure that the selected template is associated to the OS (on the Associations tab) and is set as the default for the operating system too.

A finish-based example for configuring image-based provisioning is given on the Foreman blog, also applicable to OpenStack: EC2 provisioning using Foreman.

5.2.7 oVirt / RHEV Notes

• SPICE consoles are displayed using an HTML5 client, so no native XPI extension is necessary.

Image provisioning

Image based provisioning can be used by provisioning a VM with a template and then running a finish script over SSH, in the same manner as the EC2 provider. The type of provisioning method can be selected under the “Operating system” tab when creating a new host. To configure image/template-based provisioning:

• Images refer to templates and can be added by navigating to the compute resource and clicking New Image.
• The template needs to have a username and password set up for Foreman to SSH in after provisioning and run the finish script.
• This requires some form of DHCP orchestration for SSH access to the newly created host to work.
• A finish template to perform any post-build actions (e.g. setting up Puppet) must also be associated to the host, usually by changing the OS default finish template.

5.2.8 Rackspace Notes

• The compute resource URL refers to the identity API URL, e.g. https://identity.api.rackspacecloud.com/v2.0

A full example for configuring image-based provisioning is given on the Foreman blog, also applicable to Rackspace: EC2 provisioning using Foreman.

5.2.9 VMware Notes

• Only VMware clusters using vSphere are supported, not standalone ESX or ESXi servers (#1945).

Image provisioning

Image based provisioning can be used by provisioning a new VM from a template and then running a finish script over SSH, in the same manner as the EC2 provider. The type of provisioning method can be selected under the “Operating system” tab when creating a new host. To configure image/template-based provisioning:

• Images refer to templates stored in vSphere which will be used as the basis for a new VM.
• Add the image by navigating to the compute resource and clicking New Image, enter the relative path and name of the template on the vSphere server, e.g. My templates/RHEL 6 or RHEL 6 if it isn’t in a folder. Do not include the datacenter name.
• The template needs to have a username and password set up for Foreman to SSH in after provisioning and run the finish script.
• This requires some form of DHCP orchestration for SSH access to the newly created host to work.
• A finish template to perform any post-build actions (e.g. setting up Puppet) must also be associated to the host, usually by changing the OS default finish template.

Image provisioning without SSH

The same process can also be done using a user_data template. To configure image/template-based provisioning without SSH, make the following adjustments for the former procedure:

• Enable user_data checking the proper checkbox in the compute resource definition
• Associate a user_data template to the host, using cloud-init syntax
• Note that the images don’t need cloudinit installed, as the cloudinit is converted under the hood to a CustomisationSpec object that VMware can process

Console access

Consoles are provided using VNC connections from Foreman to the ESX server, which requires a firewall change to open the respective ports (TCP 5901 to 5964)

ssh root@esx-srv
vi /etc/vmware/firewall/vnc.xml

Add the following file content:

<ConfigRoot>
<service id='0032'>
 <id>VNC</id>
 <rule id = '0000'>
  <direction>inbound</direction>
  <protocol>tcp</protocol>
  <porttype>dst</porttype>
  <port>
   <begin>5901</begin>
   <end>5964</end>
  </port>
 </rule>
 <enabled>true</enabled>
</service>
</ConfigRoot>

Apply and check the firewall rule:

esxcli network firewall refresh
esxcli network firewall ruleset list | grep VNC

Lastly, make the rule persistent.

With ESX:

cp /etc/vmware/firewall/vnc.xml /vmfs/volumes/datastore1/vnc.xml
vi /etc/rc.local
# At end of file :
cp /vmfs/volumes/datastore1/vnc.xml /etc/vmware/firewall/
esxcli network firewall refresh

With ESXi:

cp /etc/vmware/firewall/vnc.xml /vmfs/volumes/datastore1/vnc.xml
vi /etc/rc.local.d/local.sh
# At end of file, just before exit 0 :
cp /vmfs/volumes/datastore1/vnc.xml /etc/vmware/firewall/
esxcli network firewall refresh

If permanent shared storage is available (direct-attach SAN, etc): rather than doing a file copy on each server, use a symlink instead. Once it’s changed on the shared storage, run a loop to refresh the firewall services. The local.sh file still needs to be created.

Example:

ln -s /vmfs/volumes/{uuid of shared storage}/firewall.rules/vnc.xml /etc/vmware/firewall/vnc.xml

Required Permissions

The minimum permissions to properly provision new virtual machines are:

• All Privileges -> Datastore -> Allocate Space
• All Privileges -> Network -> Assign Network
• All Privileges -> Resource -> Assign virtual machine to resource pool
• All Privileges -> Virtual Machine -> Configuration (All)
• All Privileges -> Virtual Machine -> Interaction
• All Privileges -> Virtual Machine -> Inventory
• All Privileges -> Virtual Machine -> Provisioning

Notes

• Log in to the VMware vSphere Server that represents the Compute Resource. Create a role with the above permissions. Add the appropriate account to the role. To create user accounts, roles or for complete details on administration of VMware vSphere, please consult your VMware vSphere Server documentation.
• The account that foreman uses to communicate with VCenter is assumed to have the ability to traverse the entire inventory in order to locate a given datacenter. A patch is required to instruct foreman to navigate directly to the appropriate datacenter to avoid permission issues (#5006).
• Reference in the VMWare KB 2043564.
• For debugging purpose, read the troubleshooting guide about NoVNC.

5.2.10 Password Encryption

Compute resource passwords and secrets are stored on the Foreman database using a secret - the encryption key - and ciphered using AES-256-CBC. The encryption key can usually be found in /etc/foreman/encryption_key.rb, which is symlinked to /usr/share/foreman/config/initializers/encryption_key.rb. The value of the ENCRYPTION_KEY variable must be at least 32 bytes long.

If you want to regenerate the key, you can run foreman-rake security:generate_encryption_key. Please remember that previously encrypted passwords cannot be decrypted with a different encryption key, so decrypt all passwords before changing your encryption key.

After you make sure you have a valid encryption key, you can encrypt your Compute Resource secrets in the database by running foreman-rake db:compute_resources:encrypt. To unencrypt them, run the task foreman-rake db:compute_resources:decrypt.

Keep in mind passwords are encrypted in the Foreman database, but Foreman will decrypt them and use unencrypted credentials to authenticate to Compute Resources.

5.3 Install Locations

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5.4 Securing Communications with SSL

The Foreman web application needs to communicate securely with associated smart proxies and puppet masters, plus users and applications connecting to the web interface. This section details recommended SSL configurations.

5.4.1 Securing Puppet Master Requests

In a typical ENC-based setup with reporting, puppet masters require access to Foreman for three tasks:

1. Retrieval of external nodes information (classes, parameters)
2. Uploading of host facts
3. Uploading of host reports

All traffic here is initiated by the puppet master itself. Other traffic from Foreman to the puppet master for certificate signing etc. is handled via smart proxies (SSL configuration covered in the next section).

Configuration options

The Foreman interface authorizes access to puppet master interfaces based on its list of registered smart proxies with the Puppet feature, and identifies hosts using client SSL certificates.

Five main settings control the authentication, the first are in Foreman under Settings, Auth:

• require_ssl_smart_proxies (default: true), requires a client SSL certificate on the puppet master requests, and will verify the CN of the certificate against the smart proxies. If false, it uses the reverse DNS of the IP address making the request.
• restrict_registered_smart_proxies (default: true), only permits access to hosts that have a registered smart proxy with the Puppet feature.
• trusted_puppetmaster_hosts, a whitelist of hosts that overrides the check for a registered smart proxy

And two in config/settings.yaml:

• login (default: true), must be enabled to prevent anonymous access to Foreman.
• require_ssl (default: false), should be enabled to require SSL for all communications, which in turn will require client SSL certificates if require_ssl_smart_proxies is also enabled. If false, host-based access controls will be available for HTTP requests.

Enabling full SSL communications

Using Apache HTTP with mod_ssl and mod_passenger is recommended. For simple setups, the Puppet certificate authority (CA) can be used, with Foreman and other hosts using certificates generated by puppet cert.

1. Set Foreman’s require_ssl_smart_proxies, restrict_registered_smart_proxies and require_ssl to true.
2. The mod_ssl configuration must contain:

1. *SSLCACertificateFile* set to the Puppet CA
2. *SSLVerifyClient optional*
3. *SSLOptions +StdEnvVars*

1. ENC script (e.g. /etc/puppet/node.rb) should have these settings:

1. *:ssl_ca* set to the Puppet CA
2. *:ssl_cert* set to the puppet master's certificate
3. *:ssl_key* set to the puppet master's private key

1. Report processor (e.g. /usr/lib/ruby/site_ruby/1.8/puppet/reports/foreman.rb) should have these settings:

1. *$foreman_ssl_ca* set to the Puppet CA
2. *$foreman_ssl_cert* set to the puppet master's certificate
3. *$foreman_ssl_key* set to the puppet master's private key

Troubleshooting

Warning messages will be printed to Foreman’s log file (typically /var/log/foreman/production.log) when SSL-based authentication fails.

• No SSL cert with CN supplied indicates no client SSL certificate was supplied, or the CN wasn’t present on a certificate. Check the client script has the certificate and key configured and that mod_ssl has SSLVerifyClient set.
• SSL cert has not been verified indicates the client SSL certificate didn’t validate with the SSL terminator’s certificate authority. Check the client SSL certificate is signed by the CA set in mod_ssl’s SSLCACertificateFile and is still valid. More information might be in error logs.
• SSL is required indicates the client is using an HTTP URL instead of HTTPS.
• No smart proxy server found on $HOST indicates Foreman has no smart proxy registered for the source host, add it to the Smart Proxies page in Foreman. A common cause of this issue is the hostname in the URL doesn’t match the hostname seen here in the log file - change the registered proxy URL to match. If no smart proxy is available or can be installed, use trusted_puppetmaster_hosts and add this hostname to the whitelist.

Advanced SSL notes

A typical small setup will use a single Puppet CA and certificates it provides for the Foreman host and puppet master hosts. In larger setups with multiple CAs or an internal CA, this will require more careful configuration to ensure all hosts can trust each other.

• Ensure the Common Name (CN) is present in certificates used by Foreman (as clients will validate it) and puppet master clients (used to verify against smart proxies).
• Foreman’s SSL terminator must be able to validate puppet master client SSL certificates. In Apache with mod_ssl, the SSLCACertificateFile option must point to the CA used to validate clients and SSLVerifyClient set to optional.
• Environment variables from the SSL terminator are used to get the client certificate’s DN and verification status. mod_ssl’s SSLOptions +StdEnvVars setting enables this. Variable names are defined by ssl_client_dn_env and ssl_client_verify_env settings in Foreman.

Reduced security: HTTP host-based authentication

In non-SSL setups, host-based authentication can be performed, so any connection from a host running a puppet smart proxy is able to access the interfaces.

1. Set restrict_registered_smart_proxies to true.
2. Set require_ssl_smart_proxies and require_ssl to false.

No security: disable authentication

Entirely disabling authentication isn’t recommended, since it can lead to security exploits through YAML import interfaces and expose sensitive host information, however it may be useful for troubleshooting.

1. Set require_ssl_smart_proxies, restrict_registered_smart_proxies and require_ssl to false.

5.4.2 Securing Smart Proxy Requests

Foreman makes HTTP requests to smart proxies for a variety of orchestration tasks. In a production setup, these should use SSL certificates so the smart proxy can verify the identity of the Foreman host.

In a simple setup, a single Puppet Certificate Authority (CA) can be used for authentication between Foreman and proxies. In more advanced setups with multiple CAs or an internal CA, the services can be configured as follows.

Proxy configuration options

/etc/foreman-proxy/settings.yml contains the locations to the SSL certificates and keys:

---
# SSL Setup

# if enabled, all communication would be verified via SSL
# NOTE that both certificates need to be signed by the same CA in order for this to work
# see http://theforeman.org/projects/smart-proxy/wiki/SSL for more information
:ssl_certificate: /var/lib/puppet/ssl/certs/FQDN.pem
:ssl_ca_file: /var/lib/puppet/ssl/certs/ca.pem
:ssl_private_key: /var/lib/puppet/ssl/private_keys/FQDN.pem

In this example, the proxy is sharing Puppet’s certificates, but it could equally use its own.

In addition it contains a list of hosts that connections will be accepted from, which should be the host(s) running Foreman:

# the hosts which the proxy accepts connections from
# commenting the following lines would mean every verified SSL connection allowed
:trusted_hosts:
- foreman.corp.com
#- foreman.dev.domain

Configuring Foreman

For Foreman to connect to an SSL-enabled smart proxy, it needs configuring with SSL certificates in the same way.

The locations of the certificates are managed in the Settings page, under Provisioning - the ssl_ca_file, ssl_certificate and ssl_priv_key settings. By default these will point to the Puppet locations - for manually generated certificates, or non-standard locations, they may have to be changed.

Lastly, when adding the smart proxy in Foreman, ensure the URL begins with https:// rather than http://.

Sharing Puppet certificates

If using Puppet’s certificates, the following lines will be required in puppet.conf to relax permissions to the puppet group. The foreman and/or foreman-proxy users should then be added to the puppet group.

[main]
privatekeydir = $ssldir/private_keys { group = service }
hostprivkey = $privatekeydir/$certname.pem { mode = 640 }

Note that the “service” keyword will be interpreted by Puppet as the “puppet” service group.

5.5 Backup, Recovery and Migration

This chapter will provide you with information how to backup and recover your instance. All commands presented here are just examples and should be considered as a template command for your own backup script which differs from one environment to other.

It is possible to perform a migration by doing backup one one host and recovery on a different host, but in this case pay attention to different configuration between the two hosts.

This can be applied to the Foreman application itself, but pay attention when migrating smart-proxy and services because things like different IP addresses or hostnames will need manual intervention.

5.5.1 Backup

This chapter will provide you with information how to backup a Foreman instance.

Database

PostgreSQL, MySQL, SQLite

Run foreman-rake db:dump. It will print a message when it finishes with the dump file location relative to the Foreman root.

SQLite disclaimer

SQLite databases are all contained in a single file, so you can back them up by copying the file to another location, but it is recommended to shut down the instance first, or at least verify the integrity of the created archive using sqlite3 command. The dump command above is preferred.

Configuration

On Red Hat compatible systems issue the following command to backup whole /etc directory structure:

tar --selinux -czvf etc_foreman_dir.tar.gz /etc/foreman

For all other distribution do similar command:

tar -czvf etc_foreman_dir.tar.gz /etc/foreman

Puppet master

On the puppet master node, issue the following command to backup Puppet certificates on Red Hat compatible systems

tar --selinux -czvf var_lib_puppet_dir.tar.gz /var/lib/puppet/ssl

For all other distribution do similar command:

tar -czvf var_lib_puppet_dir.tar.gz /var/lib/puppet/ssl

DHCP, DNS and TFTP services

Depending on used software packages, perform backup of important data and configuration files according to the documentation. For ISC DHCP and DNS software, these are located within /etc and /var directories depending on your distribution as well as TFTP service.

5.5.2 Recovery

Recovery process is supposed to be performed on the same host the backup was created on on the same distribution and version.

If you planning to migrate Foreman instance, please read remarks in the beginning of this chapter.

Note: Foreman instance must be stopped before proceeding.

PostgreSQL, MySQL, SQLite

Run foreman-rake db:import_dump file=/your/db/dump/location. This will load your dump into the current database for your environment. It will print a message to notify you when it has finished importing the dump.

Remember to stop the Foreman instance and any other process consuming data from the database temporarily during the import and turn it back on after it ends.

Configuration

On Red Hat compatible systems issue the following command to restore whole /etc directory structure:

tar --selinux -xzvf etc_foreman_dir.tar.gz -C /

For all other distribution do similar command:

tar -xzvf etc_foreman_dir.tar.gz -C /

It is recommended to extract files to an empty directory first and inspect the content before overwriting current files (change -C option to an empty directory).

Puppet master

On the puppet master node, issue the following command to restore Puppet certificates on Red Hat compatible systems

tar --selinux -xzvf var_lib_puppet_dir.tar.gz -C /

For all other distribution do similar command:

tar -xzvf var_lib_puppet_dir.tar.gz -C /

It is recommended to inspect the content of the restore first (see above).

DHCP, DNS and TFTP services

Depending on used software packages, perform recovery of important data and configuration files according to the documentation. This depends on the software and distribution that is in use.

5.6 Rails Console

Foreman is a Ruby on Rails application, which provides an interactive console for advanced debugging and troubleshooting tasks. Using this allows easy bypass of authorization and security mechanisms, and can easily lead to loss of data or corruption unless care is taken.

To access the Rails console, choose the method below appropriate to the installation method.

RPM and Debian installations

As root, execute:

yum install foreman-console
foreman-rake console

Source installations

As the user running Foreman and in the source directory, execute:

RAILS_ENV=production bundle exec rails c

Set up

To assume full admin permissions in order to modify objects, enter in the console:

User.current = User.only_admin.visible.first

5.7 External Authentication

The following tutorial explains how to set up Foreman authentication against FreeIPA (or Identity Management) server. First part of the tutorial describes how to configure Foreman machine via Foreman installer options. The second one shows how to achieve the same result without using these options.

5.7.1 Configuration via Foreman installer

We assume the Foreman machine is FreeIPA-enrolled:

ipa-client-install

On the FreeIPA server, we create the service. (Please make sure you have obtained Kerberos ticket before this step - for example, by using kinit.)

ipa service-add HTTP/<the-foreman-fqdn>

Then we install Foreman.

foreman-installer --foreman-ipa-authentication=true

This option can be used for the reconfiguration of existing installation as well.

Some of required packages may not be available in older RHEL versions. You can get them from Jan Pazdziora’s copr yum repo at http://copr.fedoraproject.org/coprs/adelton/identity_demo/ .

foreman-installer --foreman-ipa-authentication=true --foreman-configure-ipa-repo=true

In case you want to use IPA server’s host-based access control (HBAC) features (make sure allow_all rule is disabled), the default PAM service name (which would be matched by HBAC service name) is foreman. You can override the default name with:

foreman-installer --foreman-ipa-authentication=true --foreman-pam-service=<pam_service_name>

For more information about HBAC configuration see section below.

5.7.2 HBAC configuration

We suppose that the Foreman machine is FreeIPA-enrolled and HTTP/<the-foreman-fqdn> service has been created on FreeIPA server.

At first we create HBAC (host-based access control) service and rule on the FreeIPA server. In the following examples, we will use the PAM service name foreman-prod.

On the FreeIPA server, we define the HBAC service and rule and link them together:

ipa hbacsvc-add foreman-prod
ipa hbacrule-add allow_foreman_prod
ipa hbacrule-add-service allow_foreman_prod --hbacsvcs=foreman-prod

Then we add user we wish to have access to the service foreman-prod, and the hostname of our Foreman server:

ipa hbacrule-add-user allow_foreman_prod --user=<username>
ipa hbacrule-add-host allow_foreman_prod --hosts=<the-foreman-fqdn>

Alternatively, host groups and user groups could be added to the allow_foreman_prod rule.

At any point of the configuration, we can check the status of the rule:

ipa hbacrule-find foreman-prod
ipa hbactest --user=<username> --host=<the-foreman-fqdn> --service=foreman-prod

Chances are there will be HBAC rule allow_all matching besides our new allow_foreman_prod rule. See http://www.freeipa.org/page/Howto/HBAC_and_allow_all for steps to disable the catchall allow_all HBAC rule while maintaining the correct operation of your FreeIPA server and enrolled clients. The goal is only allow_foreman_prod matching when checked with ipa hbactest.

5.7.3 Kerberos Single Sign-On

In this part of the tutorial we will show how to set up Foreman authentication manually (without using installer option).

At first we enroll Foreman machine and define HTTP/<the-foreman-fqdn> service in the FreeIPA server. Then we define HBAC service and rules (for more information see the previous section). In the following steps we will use the HBAC service name foreman-prod.

Next step is to define matching PAM service on the Foreman machine. We create file /etc/pam.d/foreman-prod with the following content:

auth    required   pam_sss.so
account required   pam_sss.so

We will also want to enable two SELinux booleans on the Foreman machine:

setsebool -P allow_httpd_mod_auth_pam on
setsebool -P httpd_dbus_sssd on

Until all the packages are part of your operation system distribution, you can get them from Jan Pazdziora’s copr yum repo. At http://copr.fedoraproject.org/coprs/adelton/identity_demo/ choose the correct .repo file. For example, for Foreman on RHEL 6, the following command will configure yum:

wget -O /etc/yum.repos.d/adelton-identity_demo.repo \
  https://copr.fedoraproject.org/coprs/adelton/identity_demo/repo/epel-6/adelton-identity_demo-epel-6.repo

Get the keytab for the service and set correct permissions (we assume the FreeIPA server is ipa.example.com, adjust to match your setup):

kinit admin
ipa-getkeytab -s $(awk '/^server =/ {print $3}' /etc/ipa/default.conf) -k /etc/http.keytab -p HTTP/$( hostname )
chown apache /etc/http.keytab
chmod 600 /etc/http.keytab

Install mod_auth_kerb and mod_authnz_pam:

yum install -y mod_auth_kerb mod_authnz_pam

Configure the module to be used by Apache (we assume the realm is EXAMPLE.COM, adjust to match your setup):

# add to /etc/httpd/conf.d/auth_kerb.conf
LoadModule auth_kerb_module modules/mod_auth_kerb.so
LoadModule authnz_pam_module modules/mod_authnz_pam.so
<Location /users/extlogin>
  AuthType Kerberos
  AuthName "Kerberos Login"
  KrbMethodNegotiate On
  KrbMethodK5Passwd Off
  KrbAuthRealms EXAMPLE.COM
  Krb5KeyTab /etc/http.keytab
  KrbLocalUserMapping On
  # require valid-user
  require pam-account foreman-prod
  ErrorDocument 401 '<html><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="0; URL=/users/login"><body>Kerberos authentication did not pass.</body></html>'
  # The following is needed as a workaround for https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=1020087
  ErrorDocument 500 '<html><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="0; URL=/users/login"><body>Kerberos authentication did not pass.</body></html>'
</Location>

We tell Foreman that it is OK to trust the authentication done by Apache by adding to /etc/foreman/settings.yaml or under Administer > Settings > Auth:

:authorize_login_delegation: true

We restart Apache:

service httpd restart

The machine on which you run the browser to access Foreman’s WebUI needs to be either FreeIPA-enrolled to the FreeIPA server or at least configured (typically in /etc/krb5.conf) to know about the FreeIPA server Kerberos services. The browser needs to have the Negotiate Authentication enabled; for example in Firefox, in the about:config settings, network.negotiate-auth.trusted-uris needs to include the Foreman server FQDN or its domain. If you then kinit as existing Foreman user to obtain Kerberos ticket-granting ticket, accessing Foreman’s WebUI should not ask for login/password and should display the authenticated dashboard directly.

Please note that we use directive require pam-account foreman-prod to also check the access against FreeIPA’s HBAC rule. If you do not see Kerberos authentication passing, check that the user is allowed access in FreeIPA (in the section about HBAC configuration we’ve named the HBAC rule allow_forman_prod).

5.7.4 PAM Authentication

The FreeIPA server can be used as an authentication provider for Foreman’s standard logon form. We assume the Foreman machine is already FreeIPA-enrolled so sssd is configured to be able to facilitate the authentication, and we have PAM service foreman-prod configured.

We will install the necessary Apache modules:

yum install -y mod_intercept_form_submit mod_authnz_pam

We will then configure Apache to perform PAM authentication (and access control check) using the PAM service foreman-prod, for example in configuration file /etc/httpd/conf.d/intercept_form_submit.conf:

LoadModule intercept_form_submit_module modules/mod_intercept_form_submit.so
LoadModule authnz_pam_module modules/mod_authnz_pam.so
<Location /users/login>
  InterceptFormPAMService foreman-prod
  InterceptFormLogin login[login]
  InterceptFormPassword login[password]
</Location>

After restarting Apache with service httpd restart, you should be able to log in to Foreman’s WebUI as existing user, using password from the FreeIPA server. Please note that intercept_form_submit_module uses authnz_pam_module to run not just the authentication, but access check as well. If the authentication does not pass and you are sure you use the correct password, check also that the user is allowed access in FreeIPA HBAC rules.

5.7.5 Populate users and attributes

So far we have tried external authentication for existing Foreman users.

However, it is also possible to have the user’s records in Foreman created automatically, on the fly when they first log in using external authentication (single sign-on, PAM).

The first step to enable this feature is to add

:authorize_login_delegation_auth_source_user_autocreate: External

to /etc/foreman/settings.yaml or under Administer > Settings > Auth.

Since we will want the newly created user records to have valid name and email address, we need to set up sssd to provide these attributes and mod_lookup_identity to pass them to Foreman. We start by installing the packages:

yum install -y sssd-dbus mod_lookup_identity

Amend the configuration of sssd in /etc/sssd/sssd.conf:

# /etc/sssd/sssd.conf, the [domain/...] section, add:
ldap_user_extra_attrs = email:mail, firstname:givenname, lastname:sn

# /etc/sssd/sssd.conf, the [sssd] section, amend the services line to include ifp:
services = nss, pam, ssh, ifp

# /etc/sssd/sssd.conf, add new [ifp] section:
[ifp]
allowed_uids = apache, root
user_attributes = +email, +firstname, +lastname

Configure Apache to retrieve these attributes, for example in /etc/httpd/conf.d/lookup_identity.conf:

LoadModule lookup_identity_module modules/mod_lookup_identity.so
<LocationMatch ^/users/(ext)?login$>
  LookupUserAttr email REMOTE_USER_EMAIL " "
  LookupUserAttr firstname REMOTE_USER_FIRSTNAME
  LookupUserAttr lastname REMOTE_USER_LASTNAME
  LookupUserGroupsIter REMOTE_USER_GROUP
</LocationMatch>

Restart both sssd and Apache:

service sssd restart
service httpd restart

Now when you log in either using Kerberos ticket or using user’s FreeIPA password (make sure the user has access allowed in FreeIPA HBAC rule), even if the user did not log in to Foreman before, their record will be populated with name and email address from the FreeIPA server (you can check in the top right corner that the full name is there) and they will also be updated upon every subsequent externally-authentication logon.

You might notice that the newly created user does not have many access right. To fully use the central identity provider like FreeIPA, it can be useful to link group membership of externally-authenticated Foreman users to the group membership of users in FreeIPA, and then set Foreman roles to these user groups. That way when a new network administrator has their record created in FreeIPA with proper user groups and then logs in to Foreman for the first time, their Foreman account will automatically get group memberships in Foreman groups, giving them appropriate roles and access rights.

The prerequisite is obviously to have the user groups and memberships set appropriately for your organization in FreeIPA.

For each FreeIPA user group that should have some semantics in Foreman, we create new user groups in Foreman, and then use the tab External groups and Add external user group to add name of the user group in FreeIPA, for Auth source EXTERNAL. We can then assign roles to this Foreman user group to match the desired role for users from the given FreeIPA user group.

Upon their first login, externally-authenticated users will get their group membership in Foreman set to match the mapping to FreeIPA groups and their group membership in FreeIPA. Upon subsequent externally-authenticated logons, the membership in these mapped groups will be updated to match the current membership in FreeIPA.

5.7.6 Namespace separation

If clear namespace separation of internally and externally authenticated users is desired, we can distinguish the externally authenticated (and populated) users by having @REALM part in their user names.

For the Kerberos authentication, using KrbLocalUserMapping Off will keep the REALM part of the logon name:

# in /etc/httpd/conf.d/auth_kerb.conf
<Location /users/extlogin>
  AuthType Kerberos
  ...
  KrbLocalUserMapping Off
</Location>

For the PAM authentication, using InterceptFormLoginRealms EXAMPLE.COM will make the user’s login include this @REALM part (even if the user did not explicitly specify it), thus matching the username seen by Foreman when authenticated via Kerberos ticket:

# in /etc/httpd/conf.d/intercept_form_submit.conf
<Location /users/login>
  ...
  InterceptFormLoginRealms EXAMPLE.COM
</Location>

With this configuration, the @REALM will be part of the username and it would be clear that bob is INTERNAL-authenticated and bob@EXAMPLE.COM is different user, EXTERNAL-authenticated. The admin then can manually create another admin@EXAMPLE.COM user (with administrator privileges) and even the admin can use Kerberos or PAM authentication in this setup.

6. Plugins

Please refer to the plugins manual.

7. Troubleshooting

7.1 NoVNC

Foreman uses the excellent javascript VNC library noVNC, which allows clientless VNC within a web browser. When a console is opened by the user’s web browser, Foreman opens a connection to TCP Port 5910 (and up) on the hypervisor and redirects that itself.

Requirements

• Recent web browser
• Open network connection from the workstation where the web browser runs on to your Foreman server and from your Foreman server to the hypervisor on TCP ports 5910 - 5930.

Encrypted Web Sockets

For VNC only, encrypted connections are the default on new installations. If you have an older installation of Foreman, you can configure encrypted websockets by adding these lines to /etc/foreman/settings.yml, and configuring the correct path to the same SSL certificates apache uses:

:websockets_encrypt: on
:websockets_ssl_key: /var/lib/puppet/ssl/private_keys/foreman.example.com
:websockets_ssl_cert: /var/lib/puppet/ssl/certs/foreman.example.com

Known issues

• SPICE connections are not encrypted.
• For encrypted connections, you will need to trust the Foreman CA. This is typically stored in /var/lib/puppet/ssl/certs/ca.pem, you may wish to copy this to something like /var/www/html/pub/ca.crt so that users may easily find it.
• Keyboard mappings are currently fixed to English only.
• When using Firefox, if you use Foreman via HTTPS, Firefox might block the connection. To fix it, go to about:config and enable network.websocket.allowInsecureFromHTTPS.
• When using Chrome, browse to chrome://flags/ and enable allow-insecure-websocket-from-https-origin. Recent versions of Chrome (e.g. 44) have removed the flag. An alternative workaround is to launch Chrome with a command-line argument like this $ google-chrome-stable --allow-running-insecure-content &

Troubleshooting Steps

• Check for a “websockify.py” process on your Foreman server when opening the console page in Foreman
• If websockify.py is missing, check /var/log/foreman/production.log for stderr output with logging increased to debug
• Look at the last argument of the process command line, it will have the hypervisor hostname and port - ensure you can resolve and ping this hostname
• Try a telnet/netcat connection from the Foreman host to the hypervisor hostname/port
• The penultimate argument of websockify.py is the listening port number, check if your web client host can telnet to it
• If using Firefox, check the known issues above and set the config appropriately
• The error “WebSock error: [object Event]” can be caused by a self signed certificate, where the certificate`s algorithm is too weak, e.g. SHA1. Debugging the issue with the Firefox JavaScript Console will show a warning similar to “This site makes use of a SHA-1 Certificate; it’s recommended you use certificates with signature algorithms that use hash functions stronger than SHA-1”. See Weak Signature Algorithms on Mozilla website.
  • To solve this issue, use stronger SSL certificates like SHA-2 algorithms instead.
  • Check your current algorithm used for the SSL certificate with openssl and generate a new one if necessary:
  • # openssl x509 -in /etc/ssl/certs/foreman.domain.tld.crt -text -noout |grep Algorithm Signature Algorithm: *sha1WithRSAEncryption*

7.2 Debugging

Foreman debugging

Edit /etc/foreman/settings.yaml and either uncomment or add these lines:

:logging:
  :level: debug

And reload Foreman:

touch ~foreman/tmp/restart.txt

Enabling more specific logs

More types of log messages can be enabled from settings.yaml:

• app - web requests and all general application logs (default: true)
• ldap - high level LDAP queries (e.g. find users in group) and LDAP operations performed (default: false)
• permissions - evaluation of user roles, filters and permissions when loading pages (default: false)
• sql - SQL queries made through Rails ActiveRecord, only debug (default: true)

Uncomment or add a :loggers block to enable or disable loggers:

:loggers:
  :ldap:
    :enabled: true

Plugins may add their own logs too, see /etc/foreman/plugins/ for their possible configuration.

Also see Configuration Options for more information.

Smart proxy debugging

Edit /etc/foreman-proxy/settings.yml and change or add :log_level:

# WARN, DEBUG, Error, Fatal, INFO, UNKNOWN
:log_level: DEBUG

And restart the smart proxy:

service foreman-proxy restart

Also see Smart Proxy Settings for more information.

7.3 Getting Help

Please check the Troubleshooting wiki page for solutions to the most common problems. Otherwise, there are two primary methods of getting support for the Foreman: IRC and mailing lists.

IRC

We work on the libera.chat servers. You can get general support in #theforeman, while development chat takes place in #theforeman-dev.

Mailing lists

Mailing lists are available via Google Groups. Much like IRC, we have a general users (support, Q/A, etc) lists and a development list:

• foreman-users
• foreman-dev

Gathering information

In order to troubleshoot and get relevant data use foreman-debug which collects information about your OS, Foreman and related components. If you installed from packages, the command is available to root:

# foreman-debug

If you installed from git, you can find it in the Foreman directory:

# script/foreman-debug

If you run it without any options, it will collect data, filter out possible passwords or tokens and create a tarball which can be safely handed over to us.

To upload the tarball to our public server via rsync use:

# foreman-debug -u

This is a write-only directory (readable only by Foreman core developers), please note that the rsync transmission is UNENCRYPTED.